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8. John Pollard, Catholicism in Modern Italy: Religion, Society and Politics Since 1861 (New York, 2008), p. 122.
9. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York, 1979), p. 31.
10. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes (New York, 2007), p. 27.
11. Ibid.
12. John Cornwell, Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII (New York, 1999), p. 329.
13. John Cooney, The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman (New York, 1984), pp. 159–60.
14. Nino Lo Bello, The Vatican Empire (New York, 1968), p. 143.
15. Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, p. 27.
16. Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (London, 2007), p. 478.
17. Thomas H. O’Connor, The Hub: Boston Past and Present (Boston, 2001), p. 8.
18. Thomas H. O’Connor, Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People (Boston, 1998), pp. 4–5.
19. O’Connor, The Hub, pp. 33–35.
20. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York, 1985), p. 75.
21. On the French missionaries and the first Catholic Church, see O’Connor, Boston Catholics, pp. 19–22, 24; on the riots, see O’Connor, The Hub, p. 150.
22. On Protestant Charlestown, see Lukas, Common Ground, p. 76; on Beecher’s sermon, see James Hennessey, SJ, American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States (New York, 1981), p. 122; on drunks feeding bonfires, see Charles R. Morris, American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America’s Most Powerful Church (New York, 1997), pp. 56–57.
23. For Great Famine emigration data, see R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland: 1600–1972 (London, 1989), p. 345. The Bunker Hill Aurora quote is in Lukas, Common Ground, p. 77.
24. Thomas H. O’Connor, The Boston Irish: A Political History (Boston, 1995), p. 150.
25. St. Catherine of Siena Parish, Ninetieth Anniversary Celebration, 1887–1977 (Boston, 1977), no page numbers.
26. John Henry Cutler, Cardinal Cushing of Boston (New York, 1970), p. 214.
27. Lukas, Common Ground, p. 25.
28. Cutler, Cardinal Cushing, p. 82.
29. See Jason Berry and Gerald Renner, Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II (New York, 2004), p. 65.
30. Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy: The Purgatorio, trans. John Ciardi (New York, 2003), p. 431, canto XVII.
CHAPTER 2: ORIGINS OF THE VATICAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
1. “Papal Donations Bring Hope to Needy Worldwide,” Catholic News Agency, July 22, 2010.
2. According to USCCB.org, the website of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, “the Peter’s Pence Collection supports the Pope’s philanthropy by giving the Holy Father the means to provide emergency assistance to those in need because of natural disaster, war, oppression, and disease.”
3. Information at www.thepapalfoundation.com.
4. Alessandro Speciale also reports for a religious news service in Rome, among other outlets, and worked as a research associate for this book.
5. On the Vatican II debt burden, see Communiqué on the Fifth Meeting of the Council of Cardinals for Studying the Organizational and Economic Questions of the Holy See, Press Office, March 9, 1985; translation of Italian from L’Osservatore Romano to English, dated March 10, 1985. On the deficit figure, see Holy See General Final Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account, 1985, p. 7. Copies of both were provided by a background source.
6. Philip Willan, The Last Supper: The Mafia, the Masons, and the Killing of Roberto Calvi (London, 2007).
7. “Outline of Remarks by Cardinal Krol on Vatican Deficit,” November 18, 1987, unpublished.
8. Praefectura Rerum Oeconomicarum Sanctae Sedis, Statement of Income and Expenditure of the Holy See, Year 1987. The financial figures cited are taken from a three-page letter addressed “Dear Brother Bishops,” dated October 14, 1988, and signed by seven cardinals, including Krol of Philadelphia; John O’Connor of New York; Edward Clancy of Sydney; Albert Decourtray of Lyon; Joseph Cordeiro of Karachi; Eugenio de Araújo Sales of Rio de Janeiro; and Paul Zoungrana of Ouagadougou. Copies were provided by a background