Road to Serfdom, The - Hayek, F. A. & Caldwell, Bruce [21]
14 The original memorandum may be found in the Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers, box 105, folder 10, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, Calif.
A historiographical note: there is nothing on the “Nazi-Socialism” manuscript to indicate that it was written for Beveridge. And indeed, though I have long known of the existence of the manuscript in the Hayek archives, I assumed it was not the Beveridge memo because it carried a date of 1933, and, as noted, Hayek seemed to imply that he had given it to Beveridge in the late 1930s. In the summer of 2004, however, Susan Howson showed me a copy of the identical memo (though with a newly inscribed title and missing the date) that she had found in Beveridge’s papers. This is the basis for the claim that this was indeed the Beveridge memo.
As such, the 1939 date that Hayek mentions in his reminiscence appears simply to be an error. The two articles that grew out of the memo were published in 1938 and 1939, so the memo had to have been written before 1938. Furthermore, Beveridge left the LSE for Oxford in 1937, so presumably the date was even earlier. My best guess is that, in his reminiscence, Hayek simply confused the date of the 1939 publication with the date of the memo. I gratefully acknowledge an anonymous reader for the University of Chicago Press whose careful scrutiny of the evidence helped me to reach this conclusion.
15 F. A. Hayek, “Nazi-Socialism,” appendix.
16Ibid.
17 Both the 1938 and the 1939 versions of “Freedom and the Economic System” have been reprinted; they appear as chapters 8 and 9 in F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War: Essays, Documents and Reviews, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 10 (1997) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, op. cit., pp. 181–88, 189–211 respectively.
18 F. A. Hayek, “Freedom and the Economic System” [1938], op. cit., p. 182.
19Ibid., pp. 193–209.
20 F. A. Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism (London: Routledge and Sons, 1935; reprinted, Clifton, NJ: Kelley, 1975).
21 Ludwig von Mises, “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth,” translated by S. Adler, in F. A. Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning, op. cit., pp. 87–130.
22 F. A. Hayek, “The Present State of the Debate,” in Collectivist Economic Planning, op. cit., pp. 210–43. Hayek’s introductory essay, titled “The Nature and History of the Problem,” and his concluding essay are reprinted as chapters 1 and 2 of F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War, op. cit., pp. 53–79, 89–116, respectively. For more background on the debates, see the editor’s introduction to that volume.
23 Oskar Lange, “On the Economic Theory of Socialism,” in On the Economic Theory of Socialism, ed. Benjamin E. Lippincott (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938; reprinted, New York: McGraw Hill, 1956), pp. 57–143.
24 F. A. Hayek, “Socialist Calculation: The Competitive ‘Solution’” [1940], reprinted as chapter 3 of F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War, op. cit., pp. 117–40.
25 Both Dalton and Durbin served at various points as Labour members of parliament, and Dalton would hold the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1945–47. We will encounter them again later in the introduction.
26 Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilization? 2 vols (London: Longmans, Green, 1935).
27 See, for example, Sir Daniel Hall and others, The Frustration of Science (London: Allen and Unwin, 1935; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1975); Findlay MacKenzie, ed., Planned Society: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. A Symposium by Thirty-Five Economists, Sociologists and Statesmen (New York: Prentice Hall, 1937); and Harold Macmillan, The Middle Way: A Study of the Problem of Economic and Social Progress in a Free and Democratic Society (London: Macmillan, 1938). The climate of opinion among the British intelligentsia in the interwar years is reviewed in Bruce Caldwell, Hayek’s Challenge, op. cit., pp. 232–37.
28 Lionel Robbins, Economic Planning