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29 For more on this see the editor’s introduction to F. A. Hayek, The Pure Theory of Capital, ed. Lawrence A. White, vol. 12 (forthcoming) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, op. cit.

30 Letter, F. A. Hayek to Fritz Machlup, August 27, 1939, Fritz Machlup Papers, box 43, folder 15, Hoover Institution Archives. A classmate of Hayek’s at the University of Vienna, Machlup (1902–83) went to the United States on a Rockefeller Fellowship in 1933. As the situation in Europe deteriorated Machlup, a Jew, decided to stay in the States, taking a position in 1935 at the University of Buffalo in New York. When the United States entered the war he went to Washington to work at the Office of Alien Property Custodian. Hayek and Machlup corresponded frequently, and this allows us to follow Hayek’s activities during the war years very closely. We will see that Machlup also played an important role in helping to find an American publisher for Hayek.

31 F. A. Hayek, “Some Notes on Propaganda in Germany,” p. 2. The memo, which is nine pages long and bears the notation “2nd draft, 12/9/39,” may be found in the Hayek Papers, box 61, folder 4, Hoover Institution Archives. Box 61, folder 5 contains Hayek’s letter to the director general, dated September 9, 1939, as well as Major Anthony Gishford’s letter of December 30.

32 Letter, F. A. Hayek to Fritz Machlup, June 21, 1940, Machlup Papers, box 43, folder 15, Hoover Institution Archives.

33Ibid.

34 These would be published separately as “The Counter-Revolution of Science,” Economica, N.S., vol. 8, February 1941, pp. 9–36; May 1941, pp. 119–50; August 1941, pp. 281–320; and “Scientism and the Study of Society,” Economica, N.S., vol. 9, August 1942, pp. 267–91; vol. 10, February 1943, pp. 34–63; vol. 11, February 1944, pp. 27–39. Revised versions of these essays may be found in F. A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1952; reprinted, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Press, 1979).

35 Letter, F. A. Hayek to Fritz Machlup, January 2, 1941, Machlup Papers, box 43, folder 15, Hoover Institution Archives.

36 For more on Neurath, see the editor’s introduction to F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War, op. cit. There was a brief but fascinating correspondence between Hayek and Neurath at the end of the Second World War. Neurath initiated it by sending Hayek a review of The Road to Serfdom, and in a subsequent letter invited him to debate. Hayek put him off, saying he was busy working on a writing project. This would later become The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952). The debate never took place, as Neurath died in December 1945. The correspondence may be found in the Hayek Papers, box 40, folder 7, Hoover Institution Archives.

37 Editorial, “Science and the National War Effort,” Nature, vol. 146, October 12, 1940, p. 470.

38 Barbara Wootton, “Book Review: Marxism: A Post-Mortem,” Nature, vol. 146, October 19, 1940, p. 508.

39 National Executive Committee of the Labour Party, The Old World and the New Society: A Report on the Problems of War and Peace Reconstruction (London: Transport House, n.d.), pp. 3–4. The pamphlet was issued by the Committee “for the consideration of its various Affiliated Organizations prior to discussions at a series of Regional Conferences throughout the country, and at the Annual Conference of the Party, to be held in London at Whitsuntide (May 25–28, 1942).”

40 Professor H. J. Laski, “A Planned Economic Democracy,” The Labour Party Report of the 41st Annual Conference (London: Transport House, 1942), p. 111.

41 Though as William Beveridge’s biographer notes, “Already by June 1941 . . . there was a large body of reforming opinion interested in, and with well-formed views upon, the range of problems that Beveridge and his committee were to examine in detail over the next eighteen months.” See Jose Harris, William Beveridge: A Biography, revised paperback edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press,