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many useful articles collected in the following publications: Herwig Wolfram and Falko Daim, eds., Die Völker an der Mittleren und unteren Donau im fünften und sechsten Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1980); Patrick Perin, ed., Gallo-Romains, Wisigoths et Francs en Aquitaine, Septimanie et Espagne (Actes des če Journées internationales d’Archéologie mérovingienne. Toulouse, 1985) (Paris, 1991); Françoise Vallet and Michel Kazanski, eds., L’armée romaine et les barbares du če au če siècle, Mémoires publiées par l’Association Française d’Archéologie Mérovingienne V (Paris, 1993); Françoise Vallet and Michel Kazanski, eds., La noblesse romaine et les chefs barbares du če au če siècle, Mémoires publiées par l’Association Française d’Archéologie Mérovingienne č (Paris, 1995).

[87] See especially Guy Halsall, Settlement and Social Organization: The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge, 1995); Bonnie Effros, Merovingian Mortuary Archaeology and the Making of the Early Middle Ages (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2003).

Chapter Five: Goths and Romans, 332–376

[88] Ammianus, RG 26.10.3

[89] Ambrose, De spir. sanct., prol. 17 (= CSEL 79: 23).

[90] Hippolyte Delehaye, ‘Saints de Thrace et de Mésie’, Analecta Bollandiana 31 (1912): 161–300 at 276: Kunstanteinus (recte Kunstanteius) thiudanis, which are the Gothic spellings for Constantine and (the correct) Constantius.

[91] Eusebius, Vita Const. 4.6; Descriptio consulum, s.a. 334 (Burgess, 236); Orig. Const. 31.

[92] Eusebius, Vita Const. 4.7.

[93] Before 340, both Constantius and Constans had taken the title Sarmaticus, implying either a joint campaign or two consecutive ones: T. D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, MA, 1981), 262, with references.

[94] Ammianus, RG 15.8.

[95] That is the argument of T. D. Barnes, Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Ithaca, 1998).

[96] Ammianus, RG 16.5.

[97] Sarmatian raids in 357: Ammianus, RG 16.10. Campaign in 358: Ammianus, RG 17.12–13; Aurelius Victor 42. Destruction of the Limigantes (359): Ammianus, RG 19.3.

[98] CIL 3: 3653 =ILS 775.

[99] Ammianus, RG 22.7.8.

[100] Eusebius, Vita Const. 4.5 does not demonstrate religious stipulations within the treaty, merely stating that Constantine subdued the barbarians under the sign of the cross, while no specifics can be read into Vita Const. 4.14.1 in which all nations are said to be steered by the single helmsman Constantine. The evidence of Eusebius is on this point surely to be preferred to the fifth-century Socrates, HE 1.18 and Sozomen, HE 2.6.1 where legendary accretions are to be suspected.

[101] Socrates, HE 4.33–34.

[102] Cyril of Jerusalem, Catech. 10.19 (PG 34: 657–90 at 688C).

[103] Province: Auxentius 35–37 (CCSL 87: 164–65) = 56–59 (PLS 1: 703–706); Philostorgius, HE 2.5. Nicopolis: Jordanes, Getica 267.

[104] Philostorgius, HE 2.5.

[105] Sozomen, HE 6.37.

[106] Sozomen, HE 6.37.11.

[107] Philostorgius, HE 2.5; trans. P. Heather and J. Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century (Liverpool, 1991), 144.

[108] Ammianus, RG 31.3.1.

[109] Ammianus, RG 29.1.11.

[110] N. Lenski, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth CenturyA.D. (Berkeley, 2002).

[111] Ammianus, RG 26.10.3; 27.5.1–2; Eunapius, frag. 37 (Blockley) = 37 (Müller).

[112] Zosimus, HN 4.10–11.

[113] Valentia: Codex Theodosianus 8.5.49; 11.1.22; 12.1.113. Gratiana: Procopius, Aed. 4.11.20 (Haury, 149). Valentiniana: Notitia Dignitatum, Or. 39.27.

[114] Coins: RIC 9: 219 (Constantinople 40). Inscription: CIL 3.7494 =ILS 770. More generally, Themistius, Or. 10.136a–b.

[115] Ammianus, RG 27.5.6.

[116] Themistius, Or. 10.133a; Ammianus, RG 27.5.7.

[117] Ammianus, RG 27.5.8–9; 31.4.13; Themistius, Or. 10.134a.

[118] Ammianus, RG 27.5.10; Themistius, Or. 10.135c–d; Zosimus, HN 4.11.

[119] Themistius, Or. 10.135a.

[120] Socrates, HE 4.33–34, and following him Sozomen, HE 6.37; Orosius, Hist. 7.33.19. See in general, N. Lenski,