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and European jitters could cloud the future for genetically modified crops. Scientific American, August 1999:28–29. The finding inspired a book: Jack A. Imagine a World without Monarch Butterflies: Awakening to the Hazards of Genetically Altered Foods. Becket, MA: One Peaceful World Press, 1999. Kucinich DJ. Statement before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. 106th Congress, 1st Session, October 7, 1999, at http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/Hearings_1999/kuc99107.htm.

54. Steyer R. Scientists discount threat to butterfly from altered corn. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 2, 1999:A5.

55. Biotechnology Industry Organization. Scientific symposium to show no harm to monarch butterfly (press release). Chicago, November 2, 1999.

56. Yoon CK. No consensus on effect of genetically altered corn on butterflies. NYT, November 4, 1999:A20.

57. Wraight CL, Zangerl AR, Carroll MJ, et al. Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2000;97:7700–7703. Milius S. Bt corn variety OK for black swallowtails. Science News June 10, 2000:372.

58. Yoon CK. New data in duel of biotech corn vs. butterflies. NYT, August 22, 2000:D2. Jesse LC, Obrycki JJ. Field deposition of Bt transgenic corn pollen: lethal effects on the monarch butterfly. Oecologia 2000;125:241–248.

59. Kaplan JK. Bt corn not a threat to monarchs. Agricultural Research 2002;50:16–18.

60. Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, et al. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2001;98:11937–11942 (other papers, 11908–11936). The journal posted the papers online prior to publication at www.pnas.org. Pollack A. Data on genetically modified corn: reports say threat to monarch butterflies is “negligible.” NYT, September 8, 2001:C2.

61. EPA. Biotechnology corn approved for continued use (press release), October 16, 2001, at http://yosemite1.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/

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62. GAO. Genetically Modified Foods: Experts View Regimen of Safety Tests as Adequate, but FDA’s Evaluation Process Could Be Enhanced (GAO-02-566), May 2002. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Proposed federal actions to update field test requirements for biotechnology derived plants and to establish early food safety assessments for new proteins produced by such plants. FR 67:50577-50580, August 2, 2002. National Research Council. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. National Research Council. Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns, August 20, 2002. Online: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084393/html.

CHAPTER 7. THE POLITICS OF GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT

1. OTA. A New Technological Era for American Agriculture (OTA-F-475), 1992. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Coordinated framework for regulation of biotechnology: announcement of policy and notice for public comment. FR 51:23302–23393, June 26, 1986.

2. USDA/APHIS Questions and Answers on Biotechnology Permits for Genetically Engineered Plants and Microorganisms (APHIS 21-35-001), April 1991. Also see: MacKenzie DR. Agricultural biotechnology, law, APHIS regulation. In: Murray TH, Mehlman MJ, eds. Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000:56–66.

3. Institute for Food Technology. IFT expert report on biotechnology and foods: introduction. Food Technology 2000;54(8):124–136. Also see: 54(9):53–61 (safety evaluation), 54(9):62–74 (labeling), and 54(10):61–79 (benefits and concerns).

4. Kilman S. Growing pains: genetic engineering’s biggest impact may eventually be in agriculture. The key word: eventually. WSJ, May 30, 1994: R7. OTA. Biotechnology in a Global Economy (OTA-BA-494), 1991. Thomas JA. Biotechnology: therapeutic and nutritional products. In: Thomas JA, ed. Biotechnology and Safety Assessment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: