Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [14]
_____________
10. ille võÅvet; hic morieÅtur
_____________
Relatives
The man who lives here is evil.
In this sentence, the word who is a relative pronoun. That is to say, it is a pronoun which refers to a noun in the sentence and also begins a clause of its own.
In the example above, who refers to the noun man. The word to which a relative pronoun refers is called an antecedent.
The clause who lives here is called a relative clause. (For uses of the relative clause, see p. 119.) Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns.
In Latin, the relative pronoun declines as follows: Singular
Plural
Masc.
Fem.
Neuter
Masc.
Fem.
Neuter
Nom.
quõÅ
quae
quod
quõÅ
quae
quae
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
quoÅrum
quaÅrum
quoÅrum
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Acc.
quem
quam
quod
quoÅs
quaÅs
quae
Abl.
quoÅ
quaÅ
quoÅ
quibus
quibus
quibus
Interrogatives
Interrogatives are used to ask questions. There is a slight difference in declension between the pronoun and the adjective. The interrogative adjective is identical to the relative pronoun. The interrogative pronoun joins the masculine and feminine in the singular. It declines as follows:
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CHAPTER 3 Pronouns and Adjectives
Masc.=Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
quis
quid
Gen.
cuius
cuius
Dat.
cui
cui
Acc.
quem
quid
Abl.
quoÅ
quoÅ
As you can see, it differs from the relative only in the nominative case and in the neuter accusative.
The plural declines in the same way as the relative.
Exercise
5. Supply the correct form of the relative=interrogative adjective to agree with the following nouns:
1. _____________ mentõÅ
2. _____________ bellõÅ
3. _____________ amoÅreÅs
4. _____________ servõÅ
5. _____________ nautae
6. _____________ fõÅliaÅrum
7. _____________ montibus
8. _____________ gladioÅs
9. _____________ animaÅlium
10. _____________ reÅbus
Inde®nites
Inde®nite pronouns=adjectives are not precise in their reference.
aliquõÅ, alõÅqua, aliquod (adj.)
some
aliquis, aliquid (pro.)
someone
These decline in the same way as the interrogative, with the pre®x ali- added.
quõÅdam, quaedam,
a certain (person)
quiddam=quoddam
quõÅque, quaeque, quidque (adj.)
each
quisque, quidque (pro.)
each
quisquam, quidquam (quicquam3)
anyone, anything
(pro.)4
These decline in the same way as the relative pronoun.
3 Alternative spelling.
4 The adjective corresponding to this pronoun is ullus, -a, -um. See p. 23.
CHAPTER 3 Pronouns and Adjectives
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Exercises
6. Supply the correct form of the inde®nite adjective in parentheses to agree with the following nouns:
1. _____________ homoÅ (aliquõÅ, aliqua, aliquod)
2. _____________ pueroÅs (quõÅque, quaeque, quodque) 3. _____________ reÅgna (quõÅdam, quaedam, quidam)
4. _____________ ¯uÅminis (aliquõÅ, aliqua, aliquod) 5. _____________ nox (quõÅque, quaeque, quodque)
7. Translate the following phrases:
1. aliqua pecuÅnia
________________________________
2. quaeque reÅgõÅna
________________________________
3. quoddam bellum ________________________________
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CHAPTER 4
The Verb
Like nouns, Latin verbs are in¯ected; that is, they take different endings to express different grammatical meanings.
Their in¯ection is called conjugation. Just as nouns belong to different declensions, verbs belong to different conjugations, which are systems of endings for the expression of grammatical information. Through these endings Latin verbs show the properties of person, number, voice, mood, and tense.
Person and Number
Person and number refer to the subject of a verb. There are three persons and two numbers:
Singular
Plural
1st
I
we
2nd
you
you (pl.)
3rd
he, she, it
they
Voice
There are two voices: active and passive. These terms refer to whether the subject performs or suffers the action represented by the verb: Active:
I bite
Passive: I am bitten
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CHAPTER 4 The Verb
Mood
There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive,