Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [16]
amaÅ-
teneÅ-
dõÅci-
capi-
audõÅ-
1 Some grammars give the fourth principal part ending in -tum rather than -tus. However, this will serve the same purpose of providing a stem for the perfect passive system.
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
39
Note: In the third conjugation the -e- turns to -i- with the loss of the ending -re.
To indicate person and number, Latin employs two sets of endings, one for the active voice and one for the passive:
Active personal endings
Passive personal endings
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
1st
-oÅ, -m
-mus
-or, -r
-mur
2nd
-s
-tis
-ris=-re
-minõÅ
3rd
-t
-nt
-tur
-ntur
To conjugate the different tenses of the present system, one simply adds these endings to different versions of the present stem.
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
For the present indicative, the endings above are added to the present stem as is. For the active voice, the active endings are used.
Sing.
1st
amoÅ
teneoÅ
dõÅcoÅ
capioÅ
audioÅ
2nd
amaÅs
teneÅs
dõÅcis
capis
audõÅs
3rd
amat
tenet
dicit
capit
audit
Plur.
1st
amaÅmus
teneÅmus
dõÅcimus
capimus
audõÅmus
2nd
amaÅtis
teneÅtis
dõÅcitis
capitis
audõÅtis
3rd
amant
tenent
dicunt
capiunt
audiunt
amant
they love, they are loving
Notes:
The present indicative active uses the ending -oÅ in the ®rst person singular. The ®rst person singular must be learned separately as a principal part because it cannot be derived automatically from the present stem.
The endings -t and -nt shorten preceding long vowels.
When reading a Latin verb form, analyze its components to identify it: The ending -nt indicates that it is third person plural active and the stem ama- that it is present indicative.
Some third-conjugation verbs have -i- in the ®rst principal part and at other points in their conjugation. These are called i-stem verbs.
PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE
For this voice the passive personal endings are used.
Sing.
1st
amor
teneor
dõÅcor
capior
audior
2nd
amaÅris
teneÅris
dõÅceris
caperis
audõÅris
amaÅre
teneÅre
dõÅcere
capere
audõÅre
40
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
3rd
amaÅtur
teneÅtur
dõÅcitur
capitur
audõÅtur
Plur.
1st
amaÅmur
teneÅmur
dõÅcimur
capimur
audõÅmur
2nd
amaÅminõÅ
teneÅminõÅ
dõÅciminõÅ
capiminõÅ
audõÅminõÅ
3rd
amantur
tenentur
dicuntur
capiuntur
audiuntur
Capitur
he, she, it is captured.
Notes:
The ®rst person singular uses the ending -or.
The second person singular has the alternative ending -re. There is no difference in meaning between this and the ending -ris, but this form is identical in appearance to the second principal part.
The endings -r and -ntur shorten preceding long vowels.
Before the endings -ris and -re, short -i becomes -e.2
Exercises
1. Conjugate the following verbs in the present indicative active.
1. duÅcoÅ, duÅcere, duÅxõÅ, ductus to lead
Singular
Plural
1st
_____________
_____________
2nd
_____________
_____________
3rd
_____________
_____________
2. venioÅ, venõÅre, veÅnõÅ, ventus to come
Singular
Plural
1st
_____________
_____________
2nd
_____________
_____________
3rd
_____________
_____________
3. iacioÅ, iacere, ieÅcõÅ, iactus to hurl
Singular
Plural
1st
_____________
_____________
2nd
_____________
_____________
3rd
_____________
_____________
2 This is visible in the second principal part of third-conjugation verbs. When the -re is removed to form the present stem, the -e reverts to -i.
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
41
2. Conjugate the following verbs in the present indicative passive.
1. impleoÅ, impleÅre, impleÅvõÅ, impleÅtus to ®ll
Singular
Plural
1st
_____________
_____________
2nd
_____________
_____________
3rd
_____________
_____________
2. pelloÅ, pellere, pepulõÅ, pulsus to push
Singular
Plural
1st
_____________
_____________
2nd
_____________
_____________
3rd
_____________
_____________
3. paroÅ, paraÅre, paraÅvõÅ, paraÅtus to prepare
Singular
Plural
1st
_____________
_____________
2nd
_____________
_____________
3rd
_____________
_____________
3.