Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [2]
CHAPTER 9
Syntax of the Complex Sentence
121
Sequence of Tenses
122
Relative Time
122
Temporal Clauses
123
Causal Clauses
124
Concessive Clauses
125
Purpose Clauses
128
Indirect Commands
129
Result Clauses
129
Fear Clauses
130
Clauses of Prevention
130
Clauses of Doubting
130
Clauses of Proviso
131
Conditional Sentences
135
Simple Conditions
135
Future Conditions
135
Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
136
Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive
140
Relative Clause of Characteristic
140
Relative Clause of Purpose
140
Relative Clause of Result
141
Relative Clause of Cause
141
Participles Revisited
144
Ablative Absolute
145
Indirect Statement
148
Indirect Question
153
Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement
158
Relative Clauses in Indirect Statement
159
Conditional Sentences in Indirect Statement
162
` Fore ut'' Clause
165
Impersonal Verbs
167
Verbs of Emotional Distress
167
Verbs and Expressions of Permission and Necessity
168
Verbs of Interest
168
The In®nitive
171
Gerund and Gerundive
172
Supine
173
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
177
INDEX
197
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PREFACE
Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar is a supplemental reference grammar for students who wish to review or strengthen their grasp of the fundamentals of Latin morphology and syntax. It may be used alongside any course or other material. It follows the basic structure of traditional Latin reference grammars, falling into two parts.
The ®rst presents Latin's extensive morphology in as systematic a manner as possible, with explanations of how the forms of Latin words are generated. Although these forms are many and there is really no particularly easy way around memorizing them, it is hoped that the organization and regularity of their systems will speak for itself. Indeed, that organization and regularity have always been one of the fascinating beauties of Latin, despite the labor of memorization, which can sometimes obscure this from the student's view. To help students through that labor, the book contains numerous exercises, both of recognition and of form generation.
The second part deals with the basic elements of Latin syntax, increasing in complexity from noun cases to the subordination of conditional sentences in indirect statement. They are illustrated with two separate sets of exercises, the ®rst written in a deliberately simpli®ed vocabulary and style that seeks only to exhibit the functioning of the syntax in question. The sentences in these exercises make no other pretentions of any kind. Following them, however, are sentences drawn from classical Latin prose that also exhibit the syntax in question. These sentences are much better examples of Latin in action, but also much more dif®cult, and so I have included extensive vocabulary glossaries to enable students to focus on them without the tedious distraction of slogging through the dictionary. I believe that it is through these real Latin sentences that students will progress from beginning levels of competence to the ability to read classical Latin authors. In the back, students will ®nd answers to all exercise questions and translations of all Latin.
The book is by no means exhaustive. Some things have been left out or passed over in the hope of being concise or at least not overwhelming in detail. Vocabulary, for example, has not been treated at all; likewise, some more abstruse applications of the subjunctive have been omitted. The book is, after all, an `òutline.' Ideally, students will be able to consult it on speci®c matters they encounter elsewhere, read the explanations, and practice understanding them through exercises.
I am deeply indebted to my teachers Floyd Moreland and Stephanie Russell of the Latin=Greek Institute. My thanks go to Rita Fleischer of the same for her help in the realization of this project.
ALAN FISHBONE
xi
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Introduction to the
Latin Alphabet and
Pronunciation