Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [21]
In the perfect system, verbs of all conjugations behave the same. However, the active and passive voices are formed from different stems. Therefore, these systems will be treated separately.
PERFECT ACTIVE SYSTEM
The perfect active stem is the third principal part minus the ending -õÅ: amaÅv-tenu-
dõÅx-
ceÅp-
audõÅv-
All tenses of the perfect active system are formed from this stem, with no difference among the different conjugations.
Perfect Indicative Active
This tense has its own set of endings. These are added to the perfect active stem: Sing.
1st
-õÅ
ceÅpõÅ
2nd
-istõÅ
ceÅpistõÅ
3rd
-it
ceÅpit
Plur.
1st
-imus
ceÅpimus
2nd
-istis
ceÅpistis
3rd
-eÅrunt
ceÅpeÅrunt
cepistõÅ
you captured, you have captured
Pluperfect Indicative Active
This tense is formed by adding -eraÅ- to the perfect active stem, followed by the active personal endings:
ceÅperam
I had loved
ceÅperaÅs
you had loved
ceÅperat
he, she, it had loved
ceÅperaÅmus
we had loved
ceÅperaÅtis
you (pl.) had loved
ceÅperant
they had loved
Note: The ®rst-person singular uses the ending -m.
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
53
Future Perfect Indicative Active
This tense is formed by adding -eri- to the perfect active stem, followed by the active personal endings:
ceÅperoÅ
I will have loved
ceÅperis
you will have loved
ceÅperit
he, she, it will have loved
ceÅperimus
we will have loved
ceÅperitis
you (pl.) will have loved
ceÅperint
they will have loved
Note: The ®rst-person singular uses the ending -oÅ. (The i of -eri disappears before it.)
Perfect Subjunctive Active
This tense is formed by adding -eri- to the perfect active stem, followed by the active personal endings:
ceÅperim
ceÅperis
ceÅperit
Subjunctives should not be translated in
ceÅperimus
isolation.
ceÅperitis
ceÅperint
Note: The ®rst-person singular uses the ending -m.
Apart from the ®rst-person singular, this tense is identical to the future perfect indicative. Grammatical conditions should enable you to tell them apart.
Pluperfect Subjunctive Active
This tense is formed by adding -isseÅ- to the perfect active stem, followed by the active personal endings:
ceÅpissem
ceÅpisseÅs
ceÅpisset
Subjunctives should not be translated in
ceÅpisseÅmus
isolation.
ceÅpisseÅtis
ceÅpissent
Syncopation
Verbs whose third principal part ends in -võÅ may sometimes be shortened by eliminating -vi or -ve before endings. For example: 54
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
audõÅstõÅ
instead of
audõÅvistõÅ
audieÅrunt
audõÅverunt
audõÅsse
audõÅvisse
amaÅrunt
amaÅveÅrunt
This phenomenon is known as syncopation.3
Exercises
19. Identify the following forms according to person, number, tense, voice, and mood. Do not translate. (If there is more than one possibility, give all.)
1. dõÅxeroÅ
________________________________
2. amaÅvisseÅmus
________________________________
3. deÅleÅverit
________________________________
4. feÅcerim
________________________________
5. habuistõÅ
________________________________
6. duÅxeÅrunt
________________________________
7. duÅxerant
________________________________
8. duÅxerint
________________________________
9. veÅnistis
________________________________
10. tenuisset
________________________________
20. Translate the following forms.
1. impleÅveraÅtis
_____________
2. feÅceroÅ
_____________
3. veÅnistõÅ
_____________
4. amaÅvõÅ
_____________
5. ieÅceritis
_____________
6. ieÅceraÅtis
_____________
7. ieÅcistis
_____________
8. pepuleÅrunt
_____________
9. dõÅxõÅ
_____________
10. dõÅximus
_____________
PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM
The stem for the perfect passive system is the fourth principal part. It works alongside different tenses of the verb ``to be,' Ðsum, esse, fuõÅ, futuÅrusÐto generate the tenses of this system. It is the form of sum that will determine tense and mood. (For the conjugation of this verb, see p. 67) Because the fourth principal part is a participle, that is, a verbal adjective, it must agree in gender, number, and case with its subject.
3 The word means a cutting or contraction.