Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [24]
to have captured
Note: It is actually the perfect in®nitive that is the stem of the pluperfect subjunctive active.
Perfect Passive In®nitive
The perfect passive in®nitive is formed by adding the present in®nitive of sum to the fourth principal part:
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CHAPTER 4 The Verb
amaÅtus, -a, -um esse
to have been loved
captus, -a, -um esse
to have been captured
Future Active In®nitive
The future active in®nitive is formed by adding the present in®nitive of sum to the future active participle:
amaÅtuÅrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to love
captuÅrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to capture
Future Passive In®nitive
The future passive in®nitive is formed by adding the supine to the passive in®nitive of eoÅ:
amaÅtum õÅrõÅ
captum õÅrõÅ
This form is used very rarely. It has been omitted from the exercises.
Exercise
27. Identify and translate the following forms.
1. habuisse
_______________________________
2. agõÅ
_______________________________
3. aÅctus, -a, -um esse
_______________________________
4. iacere
_______________________________
5. deÅleÅrõÅ
_______________________________
6. deÅleÅtuÅrus, -a, -um esse
_______________________________
7. deÅleÅvisse
_______________________________
SUPINE
The supine is a verbal noun existing only in the accusative and ablative cases. It is formed as a fourth-declension noun from the fourth principal part: Acc.
captum
dictum
factum
Abl.
captuÅ
dictuÅ
factuÅ
GERUND
The gerund supplements the in®nitive for complete declension of the verbal noun. It has no nominative case:
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
61
Gen.
amandõÅ
capiendõÅ
Dat.
amandoÅ
capiendoÅ
Acc.
amandum
capiendum
Abl.
amandoÅ
capiendoÅ
amandõÅ
of loving
Participles
Participles are verbal adjectives. As verbs they show tenseÐpresent, perfect, and futureÐand voiceÐactive and passive. As adjectives they decline and can modify nouns or act as substantives.
PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
The present active participle is a third-declension adjective of one termination, formed from the present stem:
amaÅns, amantis
loving
teneÅns, tenentis
having
dõÅceÅns, dicentis
telling
capieÅns, capientis
capturing
audieÅns, audientis
hearing
Here is the full declension:
Singular
Plural
Masc.=fem.
Neuter
Masc.=fem.
Neuter
Nom.
dõÅceÅns
dõÅceÅns
dõÅcenteÅs
dõÅcentia
Gen.
dõÅcentis
dõÅcentium
Dat.
dõÅcentõÅ
dõÅcentibus
Acc.
dõÅcentem
dõÅceÅns
dõÅcenteÅs
dõÅcentia
Abl.
dõÅcentõÅ(-e)
dõÅcentibus
Note: The ablative singular ending is -õÅ when the participle functions as an adjective modifying a noun. The ending is -e when the participle acts as a substantive or is the predicate in an ablative absolute. (See p. 94.) There is no present passive participle or perfect active participle in Latin.
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CHAPTER 4 The Verb
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
The perfect passive participle is the fourth principal part; it declines like a ®rst-second-declension adjective.
amaÅtus, -a, -um
(having been) loved
dictus, -a, -um
(having been) said
captus, -a, -um
(having been) captured
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
The future active participle is formed by adding the ending -uÅrus, -a, -um to the stem of the fourth principal part. It declines like a ®rst-second-declension adjective.
amaÅtuÅrus, -a, -um
about to love
dictuÅrus, -a, -um
about to say
captuÅrus, -a, -um
about to capture
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
The future passive participle is formed by adding the ending -ndus, -a, -um to the present stem. It declines like a ®rst-second-declension adjective. Its meaning contains an idea of obligation or necessity.
amandus, -a, -um
having to be loved
dõÅcendus, -a, -um
having to be said
capiendus, -a, -um
having to be captured
Exercise
28. Translate the following.
1. capieÅns
__________________________
2. mõÅles capieÅns
__________________________
3. mõÅles urbem capieÅns
__________________________
4. mõÅles urbem captuÅrus
__________________________
5. captus
__________________________
6. urbs capta
__________________________
7. urbs aÅ mõÅlite capta
__________________________