Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [25]
8. urbs aÅ mõÅlite capientõÅ capta
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9. urbs a mõÅlite aliquid dictuÅroÅ capta __________________________
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PERIPHRASTICS
The future participle may be combined with the verb sum to form what are called periphrastics. They may appear in any tense.
CHAPTER 4 The Verb
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Active Periphrastic
The active periphrastic is so called because it uses the future active participle: captuÅrus sum
I am about to capture
captuÅrus eram
I was about to capture
Passive Periphrastic
The passive periphrastic is so called because it uses the future passive participle: capiendus est
He must be captured
capienda erat
She had to be captured
capiendõÅ erunt
They will have to be captured
Exercise
29. Translate:
1. urbs deÅlenda est
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2. urbeÅs deÅlendae erant
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3. urbeÅs deÅlendae erunt
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4. virõÅ urbem deÅleÅtuÅrõÅ sunt
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5. virõÅ urbem deÅleÅtuÅrõÅ erant
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6. virõÅ urbem deÅleÅtuÅrõÅ erunt ________________________________
Deponent Verbs
Deponent verbs are a class of verbs in Latin that, for the most part, use passive forms but have active meanings.4
Their principal parts are passive and three in number, functioning just as the principal parts of ordinary verbs. That is, they provide the stems for the entire conjugation of the verb.
Here are some example deponent verbs:
1st
mõÅror, mõÅrarõÅ, mõÅraÅtus sum
admire
2nd
fateor, fateÅrõÅ, fassus sum
confess
3rd
sequor, sequõÅ, secuÅtus sum
follow
3rd i-stem
patior, patõÅ, passus sum
suffer
4th
partior, partõÅrõÅ, partõÅtus sum
share
The ®rst principal part is the ®rst-person singular, present indicative passive (but active in meaning):
patior
I suffer
4 They are called deponent because they havè deposed'' or put aside their active forms.
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CHAPTER 4 The Verb
The second principal part is the present in®nitive passive (but active in meaning): fateÅrõÅ
to confess
sequõÅ
to follow
Note: As in the case of nondeponent verbs, the second principal part shows what conjugation a verb belongs to. Likewise the ®rst principal part will show which verbs in the third conjugation are i-stem and which are not. For example, sequor and patior are both third conjugation. The i in patior shows that it is i-stem.
The third principal part is the ®rst-person singular, perfect indicative passive (but active in meaning):
passus sum
I have suffered, I suffered
fassus est
he confessed
secuÅtõÅ eraÅmus
we had followed
Deponents show all the moods and tenses of nondeponent verbs and form them regularly in the passive system. However, they do have some peculiarities.
PARTICIPLES
Though existing in the passive system, deponents do have present and future active participles that are active in both form and meaning.
Present Active
mõÅraÅns, mõÅrantis
admiring
patieÅns, patientis
suffering
partieÅns, partientis
sharing
Future Active
mõÅratuÅrus, -a, -um
about to admire
passuÅrus, -a, -um
about to suffer
secuÅtuÅrus, -a, -um
about to follow
Note: This means that deponents can form future active in®nitives and active periphrastics.
secuÅtuÅrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to follow
secuÅtuÅrus est
he is about to follow
Perfect
Because their passive forms are active in meaning, practically speaking, deponents have a perfect active participle:
mõÅraÅtus, -a, -um
having admired
secuÅtus, -a, -um
having followed
passus, -a, -um
having suffered
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IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
The imperfect subjunctive, you will recall, is formed from the present active in®nitive for both the active and passive.
Deponents have no present active in®nitive, but they form the imperfect subjunctive as if one existed. For example, working backward from mõÅraÅrõÅ, a
®rst-conjugation passive in®nitive, the active would be mõÅraÅre. From sequõÅ, a third-conjugation passive in®nitive, it would be sequere. Though these forms do