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mõÅraÅrer

sequerer

mõÅraÅreÅris (-re)

sequereÅris (-re)

mõÅraÅreÅtur

sequereÅtur

mõÅraÅreÅmur

sequereÅmur

mõÅraÅreÅminõÅ

sequereÅminõÅ

mõÅraÅrentur

sequerentur

Exercises

If necessary, refer to the following list of deponents for the exercises: coÅnor, coÅnaÅrõÅ, coÅnaÅtus sum

try, attempt

laÅbor, laÅbõÅ, lapsus sum

slip, fall

vereor, vereÅrõÅ, veritus sum

fear

loquor, loquõÅ, locuÅtus sum

speak

uÅtor, uÅtõÅ, uÅsus sum

use

morior, morõÅ, mortuus sum

die

potior, potõÅrõÅ, potõÅtus sum

gain possession of

30. Translate the following forms.

1. lapsae erant

_____________

2. loqueÅmur

_____________

3. uÅtere

_____________

4. uÅteÅre

_____________

5. morituÅrus sum _____________

6. vereÅbaÅminõÅ

_____________

7. vereÅbiminõÅ

_____________

8. lapsi eritis

_____________

9. coÅnaÅberis

_____________

10. potiendum est _____________

11. loquuntur

_____________

12. uÅtitur

_____________

66

CHAPTER 4 The Verb

31. Identify the following forms.

1. coÅneÅtur

_____________

2. uÅtereÅminõÅ

_____________

3. lapsõÅ sint

_____________

4. loquaÅmur

_____________

5. moriaÅris

_____________

6. verita essem

_____________

7. uÅtaÅmur

_____________

8. uÅteÅmur

_____________

9. uÅtimur

_____________

10. uÅtiminõÅ

_____________

Semi-Deponent Verbs

A few verbs are deponent only in the perfect system. This is indicated by their principal parts, which are active for the present system but passive for the perfect: audeoÅ, audeÅre, ausus sum

dare

soleoÅ, soleÅre, solitus sum

be accustomed to

gaudeoÅ, gaudeÅre, gavõÅsus sum

be happy

fõÅdoÅ, fõÅdere, fõÅsus sum

trust

This means that in the present they use normal active forms and in the perfect they use passive forms, both with active meanings:

loquõÅ audeoÅ

I dare to speak

loquõÅ ausus sum

I dared to speak

Impersonal Verbs

There are some verbs in Latin that occur only in the third-person singular and the in®nitive, without subjects. For this reason they are called impersonal; that is, they do not take personal subjects. Their principal parts re¯ect this, being third-person and in®nitive forms:

piget, pigeÅre, piguit

to disgust

pudet, pudeÅre, puduit

to cause shame

paenitet, paeniteÅre, paenituit

to cause repentance

taedet, taedeÅre, taeduit

to weary

licet, liceÅre, licuit

to be permitted

oportet, oporteÅre, oportuit

to be proper

interest, interesse

to be of interest

reÅfert, reÅferre

to be of concern

For the uses of these verbs see pp. 167±168.

CHAPTER 4 The Verb

67

Some Irregular Verbs

Following are the most common irregular verbs in Latin.

sum, esse, fuõÅ, futuÅrus

be

Present

Imperfect

Future

Present

indicative

indicative

indicative

subjunctive

Sing.

1st

sum

eram

eroÅ

sim

2nd

es

eraÅs

eris

sõÅs

3rd

est

erat

erit

sit

Plur.

1st

sumus

eraÅmus

erimus

sõÅmus

2nd

estis

eraÅtis

eritis

sõÅtis

3rd

sunt

erant

erunt

sint

Note: The fourth principal part is the future active participle. This verb does not (and could not) have a passive system.

Sum has no present or perfect participles. It is regular in the imperfect subjunctive and the entire perfect system.

The future in®nitive of sum is futuÅrum esse. However, in addition to this form there is the alternate fore. This form is also often used as the stem for the imperfect subjunctive, particularly for the third-person singular form foret.

possum, posse, potuõÅ, . . .

be able

Present

Imperfect

Future

Present

indicative

indicative

indicative

subjunctive

Sing.

1st

possum

poteram

poteroÅ

possim

2nd

potes

poteraÅs

poteris

possõÅs

3rd

potest

poterat

poterit

possit

Plur.

1st

possumus

poteraÅmus

poterimus

possõÅmus

2nd

potestis

poteraÅtis

poteritis

possõÅtis

3rd

possunt

poterant

poterunt

possint

This verb is compounded from sum. Before forms of sum beginning with the letter s, it pre®xes pos-. Before forms beginning with the letter e, it pre®xes pot-.

It forms the perfect regularly