Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [28]
Adverbs are formed from adjectives in one of two different ways. First-second-declension adjectives form adverbs by adding the ending -eÅ to the stem: amõÅceÅ
in a friendly manner
misereÅ
wretchedly
Third-declension adjectives form adverbs by adding the ending -iter to the stem: fortiter
bravely
aÅcriter
sharply
Sometimes the neuter accusative singular of an adjective will serve as an adverb: multum
much
facile
easily
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CHAPTER 5 Adverbs and Prepositions
The comparative degree of the adverb is supplied by the neuter accusative singular of the comparative adjective:
aÅcriter
sharply
aÅcrius
more sharply
misereÅ
wretchedly
miserius
more wretchedly
The superlative degree of the adverb is formed as the adverb of a regular ®rst-second-declension adjective, with the ending -eÅ
fortissimeÅ
most bravely
aÅcerrimeÅ
most sharply
Some common adverbs are irregular in all degrees:
bene
well
melius
better
optimeÅ
best
male
badly
peius
worse
pessimeÅ
worst
parum
too little
minus
less
minimeÅ
least
multum
much
pluÅs
more
maximeÅ
most greatly
Exercise
1. Generate the appropriate adverb in the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees for the following adjectives:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
1. noÅbilis
_____________
_____________
_____________
2. acerbus
_____________
_____________
_____________
3. miser
_____________
_____________
_____________
4. malus
_____________
_____________
_____________
5. bonus
_____________
_____________
_____________
Prepositions
Prepositions are words placed before nouns to create phrases that express adverbial meanings. They answer questions such as Where? Why? How? When?
The pig slept under the table.
The preposition under combines with the noun table to tell us where the pig slept.
Prepositions in Latin take the accusative or the ablative case. Some may take both.
CHAPTER 5 Adverbs and Prepositions
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COMMON PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
ad
to, toward
They set out toward Asia
ad Asiam pro®ciscuntur
for,1 with a view to
ad pacem
for peace
ante
before (in space or time)
ante oppidum
before the town
ante bellum
before the war
apud
at, near
apud RheÅnum
at the Rhine
at the house of
ceÅnaÅbis bene apud meÅ
you will dine well at my house
circum
around
circum castra
around the camp
contraÅ
against
contraÅ illum dõÅcoÅ
I speak against that man
inter
among
inter mortuoÅs
among the dead
between
inter meam opõÅnioÅnem
ac tuam
between my opinion and yours
ob
on account of, because of
ob metum
because of fear
per
through (in different senses)
multa per aequora
vectus
conveyed through many seas
nihil per õÅram actum est
nothing was done through
anger
post
behind
post montem
behind the mountain
after post mortem
after death
praeter
beyond
praeter õÅnsulaÅs
beyond the islands
praeter spem
beyond expectation
propter
on account of
propter amoÅrem
on account of love
trans
acrosstrans ¯uÅmen
across the river
1 ` For'' in the sense of purpose (i.e., Ì did it `for money'' , not in the sense of à gift `for you.''
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CHAPTER 5 Adverbs and Prepositions
COMMON PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ABLATIVE CASE
aÅ, ab2
away from
aÅ BritanniaÅ
away from Britain
by3 interfectus est aÅ Caesare
he was killed by Caesar
cum
with cum amõÅcõÅs
with friends
Personal, relative, and interrogative pronouns attach to the end of this word:
meÅcum
with me
quibuscum?
with whom?
deÅ
down from
deÅ montibus
down from the mountains
concerning
deÅ animaÅ
concerning the soul
eÅ, ex4
out ofeÅ proÅvinciaÅ ire
to go out of the province
proÅ
for, on behalf of
proÅ amõÅcoÅ meoÅ
on behalf of my friend
sine
without
sine pugnaÅ et sine vulnere
without a ®ght and without
injury
PREPOSITIONS THAT TAKE BOTH ACCUSATIVE AND
ABLATIVE CASES
in
accinto
in Asiam õÅbit
he will go into Asia
against
oÅraÅtioÅ in CatilõÅnam
a speech