Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [38]
light
claÅrus, -a, -um
clear, bright
coÅnsilium, -õÅ, n.
advice, planning
taeter, -tra, -trum
horrible, foul
beÅlua, -ae, f.
beast
quidem (adv.)
indeed
adulesceÅns, -ntis
young, youthful
paroÅ, paraÅre
prepare
deÅfensor, -oÅris, m.
defender
iuÅcundus, -a, -um
pleasing
turpis, -e
foul
coniunctus, -a, um
conjoined
aliquandoÅ (adv.)
ever, at any time
hostis, -is, -ium, m.
enemy
cõÅvitaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
citizenry, state
voluptaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
pleasure
inquinaÅtus, -a, -um
dirty, stained
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103
labor, -oÅris, m.
labor, work
rapaÅcitaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
rapacity
avaÅrus, -a, -um
greedy
largõÅtioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
extravagant expenditure, bribery
effuÅsus, -a, -um
unrestrained
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CHAPTER 8
Syntax of the
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is an independent clause; that is, unlike a subordinate clause, it can stand alone as a complete unit of meaning. This is what makes a sentence.
Most simple sentences have a subject and a verb:
Vir ambulat.
The man walks.
In Latin the subject may be implied in the verb by its ending: AmbulaÅmus.
We walk.
Sometimes the verb ``to be'' may be left out of a sentence: Ille vir sapiens.
That man is wise.
Because Latin is an in¯ected language, it does not rely upon word order to determine the grammatical meaning of its phrases and sentences. This does not mean that its word order is random.
Latin has a normal, neutral order that tends to place the subject of a sentence ®rst and the verb last. Usually direct objects and adverbs gravitate toward the verb, with other information such as datives and prepositional phrases falling in the middle of the sentence.
Consider the following sequence:
DeÅlet.
He destroys.
MõÅliteÅs deÅlent.
The soldiers destroy.
MõÅliteÅs urbem deÅleÅbunt.
The soldiers will destroy the city.
MõÅliteÅs gladiõÅs urbem deÅleÅbant.
The soldiers were destroying the city
with swords.
MõÅliteÅs cum nautõÅs gladiõÅs urbem
The soldiers with the sailors had
proÅ reÅge deÅleÅverant.
destroyed the city with swords on behalf
of the king.
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CHAPTER 8 Syntax of the Simple Sentence
Remember that adjectives and genitives tend to follow the nouns they modify: MõÅliteÅs reÅgnõÅ audaÅceÅs gladiõÅs magnõÅs
The bold soldiers of the kingdom
urbem miserrimam proÅ reÅge caecoÅ
destroyed the most wretched city with
deÅleÅveÅrunt.
great swords on behalf of the blind
king.
Exercise
1. Translate the following.
1. Nauta videt.
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2. Nauta montem videÅbit.
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3. Nauta oculõÅs montem võÅdit.
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4. Nauta bellum in montibus oculõÅs võÅderat.
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5. MultõÅs cum lacrimõÅs nauta miser bellum pessimum in montibus regnõÅ
videÅbat.
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6. MoÅns videÅtur.
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7. MoÅns aÅ nautaÅ videÅtur.
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8. Bellum aÅ nautaÅ in montibus visum est.
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Indicative Mood
The indicative is the mood of fact. It presents information simply as true. (Tenses of the indicative should be translated according to the paradigms given in Chapter 2.) Exercises
2. Translate the following sentences, paying particular attention to the tense of the verb.
1. ReÅx cõÅveÅs terret.
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2. ReÅx cõÅveÅs terreÅbit.
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CHAPTER 8 Syntax of the Simple Sentence
107
3. ReÅx cõÅveÅs terruit.
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