Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [51]
reasoning, rational thought
ille, illa, illud
(here) the following
praescriptioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
precept, rule
moderaÅtioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
moderation, control
invidia, -ae, f.
ill will
lõÅberoÅ, lõÅberaÅre
free
sententia, -ae, f.
thought, opinion
philosophus, -õÅ, m.
philosopher
patreÅs conscriptõÅ
senators
AntoÅnius, -õÅ, m.
Antonius
alter, -tra, -trum
one (of two)
benigneÅ (adv.)
benevolently, in a friendly manner
ef®cioÅ, ef®cere
bring about, effect
attenteÅ (adv.)
attentively
fauceÅs, -ium, f. pl.
throat
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CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
latus, lateris, n.
side, ¯ank
gladiaÅtoÅrius, -a, -um
of a gladiator
®rmitaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
strength
võÅnum, -õÅ, n.
wine
Hippia, -ae, f.
Hippia (a woman's name)
nuptiae, -aÅrum, f. pl.
wedding
exhaurioÅ, exhaurõÅre
drain, drink up
conspectus, -uÅs, m.
sight, view
vomoÅ, vomere
vomit
postrõÅdieÅ (adv.)
on the following day
cuÅr
why
aut . . . aut
either . . . or
familiaÅris, -e
friendly, intimate
commodoÅ, commodaÅre
lend
inimõÅcus, -a, -um
enemy, hostile
veneÅnum, -õÅ, n.
poison
tot (indeclinable)
so many (here, so many men)
valeÅns, -ntis
strong, powerful
imbeÅcillus, -a, -um
weak
alacer, -cris, -cre
swift
perterritus, -a, -um
thoroughly terri®ed
superoÅ, superaÅre
overcome
deÅbeoÅ, deÅbeÅre
owe, ought ( inf.)
quam ob rem
for which reason2
disceÅdo, disceÅdere
leave, depart
timor, -oÅris, m.
fear
veÅrus, -a, -um
true, real
opprimoÅ, opprimere
oppress
sõÅn
but if
falsus, -a, -um
false, unreal
eÅripioÅ, eÅripere
tear away, remove
tandem (adv.)
®nally, at last
aliquandoÅ
at some time, ever
timeoÅ, timeÅre
fear
deÅsinoÅ, deÅsinere
cease ( inf.)
2 Referring to something mentioned earlier.
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
135
Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are composed of two clauses:
If he works, he is happy
`Ìf he works,' the subordinate clause, gives the condition for which the main clause will be true.
Latin grammars traditionally refer to thèìf' clause of a conditional sentence as the protasis and the main clause as the apodosis.
There are generally three kinds of conditional sentence: Simple conditions
Future conditions
Contrary-to-fact conditions
These categories differ according to the tense and mood of the verb they employ in the protasis and the apodosis.
The subordinating conjunction `ìf' in Latin is sõÅ. Its negative is nisõÅ. The main clause is negated normally, with noÅn.
SIMPLE CONDITIONS
Simple conditions take a present or past tense of the indicative in both the protasis and apodosis. They should be translated accordingly.
SõÅ laboÅrat, miser est.
If he works, he is wretched.
NisõÅ laboÅraÅbat, feÅlix erat.
If he was not working, he was happy.
FUTURE CONDITIONS
There are three kinds of future conditions. Future-more-vivid conditions take the future indicative in both the protasis and the apodosis.
SõÅ mõÅliteÅs urbem capient, poeÅtae canent.
For convenience in English, the future indicative in thèìf' clausèìf the soldiers will capture'' is usually translated as a present:
If the soldiers capture the city, the poets will sing.
Sometimes in this type of condition the future perfect is used instead of the ordinary future indicative:
SõÅ mõÅliteÅs urbem ceÅperint, poeÅtae canent.
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CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
Although in Latin this is felt to be more emphatic,3 the English translation remains the same:
If the soldiers capture the city, the poets will sing.
Future-less-vivid conditions take the present subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. In Latin these sentences are felt to imagine the situation less de®nitely or ``vividly'' than thè`more vivid'' examples.
SõÅ mõÅliteÅs urbem capiant, poeÅtae canant.
Often these sentences are translated using ``should'' for thèìf' clause and
` would'' for the main clause:
If the soldiers should capture the city, the poets would sing.
ReÅgõÅna miser sit nisõÅ poeÅta canat.
The queen would be miserable if the
poet should not sing.
Occasionally