Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [6]
5. aquae
_____________
6. feÅminae
_____________
7. terram
_____________
8. pecuÅnia
_____________
4. Change the following from plural to singular. (If there are two possibilities, give both.)
1. puellae
_____________
2. terraÅs
_____________
3. poeÅtõÅs
_____________
4. aquaÅrum
_____________
5. meÅnsõÅs
_____________
6. terrae
_____________
7. õÅnsulaÅrum _____________
8. luÅnae
_____________
CHAPTER 1 The Noun
7
THE SECOND DECLENSION
All second-declension nouns have the ending -õÅ in the genitive singular.
Here are some sample second-declension nouns:
ventus, ventõÅ, m.
wind
vir, virõÅ, m.
man
bellum, bellõÅ, n.
war
regnum, regnõÅ, n.
kingdom
puer, puerõÅ, m.
boy
amõÅcus, amõÅcõÅ, m.
friend
gladius, gladiõÅ, m.
sword
numerus, numerõÅ, m.
number
gaudium, gaudiõÅ, n.
joy
liber, librõÅ, m.
book
servus, servõÅ, m.
slave
saxum, saxõÅ, n.
rock
As you can see, there is considerable variety of form in the nominative singular of the second declension. It is for this reason that the genitive singular form of a noun serves both to de®ne its declension and to provide the stem for its forms.
The stem for all Latin nouns, regardless of declension, is obtained by removing the ending from the genitive singular form. For example: Noun
Stem
ventus, ventõÅ, m.
vent-
vir, virõÅ, m.
vir-
bellum, bellõÅ, n.
bell-
fõÅlius, fõÅliõÅ, m.
fõÅli-
The second declension declines as follows:
Singular
Nom.
ventus
vir
bellum
fõÅlius
Gen.
ventõÅ
virõÅ
bellõÅ
fõÅliõÅ
Dat.
ventoÅ
võÅroÅ
belloÅ
fõÅlioÅ
Acc.
ventum
virum
bellum
fõÅlium
Abl.
ventoÅ
viroÅ
belloÅ
fõÅlioÅ
Voc.
vente
vir
bellum
fõÅlõÅ
Plural
Nom.=voc.
ventõÅ
virõÅ
bella
fõÅliõÅ
Gen.
ventoÅrum
viroÅrum
belloÅrum
fõÅlioÅrum
Dat.
ventõÅs
võÅrõÅs
bellõÅs
fõÅliõÅs
Acc.
ventoÅs
viroÅs
bella
fõÅlioÅs
Abl.
ventõÅs
virõÅs
bellõÅs
fõÅliõÅs
8
CHAPTER 1 The Noun
Note: Second-declension nouns in -us and -ius are the only Latin nouns whose vocative is different from the nominative.3
For all declensions, the nominative and accusative forms of neuter nouns are identical.
Nouns of the second declension are predominantly masculine and neuter.
Exercises
5. Fully decline the following nouns:
1. saxum, saxõÅ, n.
Singular
Plural
Nominative=vocative
_____________
_____________
Genitive
_____________
_____________
Dative
_____________
_____________
Accusative
_____________
_____________
Ablative
_____________
_____________
2. puer, puerõÅ, m.
Singular
Plural
Nominative=vocative
_____________
_____________
Genitive
_____________
_____________
Dative
_____________
_____________
Accusative
_____________
_____________
Ablative
_____________
_____________
3. amõÅcus, amõÅcõÅ, m.
Singular
Plural
Nominative
_____________
_____________
Genitive
_____________
_____________
Dative
_____________
_____________
Accusative
_____________
_____________
Ablative
_____________
_____________
Vocative
_____________
_____________
6. Change the following from singular to plural. (If there are two possibilities, give both.)
1. regnum
_____________
2. gladiõÅ
_____________
3. viroÅ
_____________
3 The locative singular ends in -õÅ, the plural in õÅs: TarentõÅ, at Tarentum; DelphõÅs, at Delphi.
CHAPTER 1 The Noun
9
4. liber
_____________
5. numerum _____________
6. gaudium
_____________
7. puer
_____________
8. regnõÅ
_____________
7. Change the following from plural to singular. (If there are two possibilities, give both.)
1. viroÅrum
_____________
2. gladioÅs
_____________
3. bella
_____________
4. ventõÅ
_____________
5. amõÅcõÅs
_____________
6. virõÅ
_____________
7. numeroÅs
_____________
8. regnoÅrum _____________
THE THIRD DECLENSION
Nouns of the third declension have the genitive singular ending -is.
There are two varieties of third-declension noun, i-stem and non±i-stem, with only minor differences between them. The difference amounts to the appearance of an i at certain points of the i-stem declension where it