Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [65]
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3. Explain the case of illustrõÅ ingenioÅ.
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4. Explain the tense and mood of vocet.
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Conditional Sentences in Indirect Statement
Conditional sentences generally follow the same rules as other complex sentences.
The protasis, since it is a subordinate clause, will put its verb into the subjunctive.
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
163
The apodosis, since it is an independent clause, will take a subject accusative and in®nitive construction.
PoeÅta sõÅ laboÅrat feÅlix est.
If the poet works, he is happy.
DõÅcit poeÅtam sõÅ laboÅret feÅlõÅcem esse.
He says that if the poet works, he is
happy.
In this simple condition, the present subjunctive laboÅret represents the original present indicative of the protasis, and the present in®nitive esse the present indicative of the apodosis.
DõÅceÅbat poeÅtam sõÅ laboÅraÅret feÅlõÅcem
He said that if the poet worked, he was
esse.
happy.
In secondary sequence it is the imperfect subjunctive laboÅraÅret that represents the original present indicative.
Future conditional sentences show an interesting simpli®cation. Because of the limited choices of subjunctive and in®nitive to represent them, the more-vivid and less-vivid varieties (see pp. 135±136) become the same: SõÅ urbs deÅleÅbitur, poeÅtae maneÅbunt.
If the city is destroyed, the poets will
remain.
DõÅcit sõÅ urbs deÅlelaÅtur, poeÅtaÅs
He says that if the city is destroyed, the
mansuÅroÅs esse.
poets will remain.
In primary sequence the future indicative of the protasis is represented by the present subjunctive, and that of the apodosis by the future in®nitive.
SõÅ urbs deÅleaÅtur, poeÅtae maneant.
If the city should be destroyed, the poets
would remain.
DõÅcit sõÅ urbs deÅleaÅtur, poeÅtaÅs
He says that if the city should be
mansuÅroÅs esse.
destroyed, the poets would remain.
The present subjunctive of the protasis remains the same, and the present subjunctive of the apodosis is represented by the future in®nitive because there is really no other option.
In secondary sequence, the protasis will take the imperfect subjunctive: DõÅceÅbat sõÅ urbs deÅleÅreÅtur poeÅtaÅs
He said that if the city were destroyed,
mansuÅroÅs esse.
the poets would remain.
Contrary-to-fact conditions obey their own rule. The subjunctive of the protasis does not change at all, regardless of sequence; it remains the same. The subjunctive of the apodosis, for both past and present contrary-to-fact sentences, is represented by the future active participle with the perfect in®nitive of sum, that is, fuisse.
Present
NisõÅ urbs deÅleÅreÅtur, poeÅtae maneÅrent.
If the city were not being destroyed, the
poets would remain.
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CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
DõÅcit nisõÅ urbs deÅleÅreÅtur, poeÅtaÅs
He says that if the city were not being
mansuÅroÅs fuisse.
destroyed, the poets would remain.
In secondary sequence this will remain the same:
DõÅceÅbat nisõÅ urbs deÅleÅreÅtur, poeÅtaÅ mansuÅroÅs fuisse.
Past
NisõÅ urbs deÅleÅta esset, poeÅtae
If the city had not been destroyed, the
mansissent.
poets would have remained.
DõÅcit nisõÅ urbs deÅleÅta esset, poeÅtas
He says that if the city had not been
mansuÅroÅs fuisse.
destroyed, the poets would have
remained.
As you can see, what distinguishes present from past contrary-to-fact conditions in indirect statement is only the tense of the subjunctive in the protasis.
Exercises
19. Translate the following sentences. Then identify what type of conditional sentence has been put into indirect statement.
1. DõÅcõÅt sõÅ bellum in proÅvinciaÅ geraÅtur, agricolaÅs fugere.
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