Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [9]
1. currum
_____________
2. exemplaÅrõÅ _____________
3. reÅgõÅnae
_____________
4. equite
_____________
5. lõÅtus
_____________
17. Change the following from plural to singular. (If there are two possibilities, give both.)
1. poeÅtõÅs
_____________
2. agroÅrum
_____________
3. saxa
_____________
4. lõÅbertaÅtum _____________
5. reÅgõÅnaÅs
_____________
16
CHAPTER 1 The Noun
18. On a separate sheet of paper, decline the following nouns: 1. puella, puellae, f.
2. dolor, doloÅris, m.
3. bellum, bellõÅ, n.
4. spõÅritus, spõÅrituÅs, m.
5. reÅs, reõÅ, f.
6. urbs, urbis, -ium, f.
CHAPTER 2
The Adjective
An adjective is a word that modi®es or describes a noun.
For an adjective to modify a noun in Latin, it must agree with it in gender, number, and case. Remember that gender is a permanent characteristic of a noun; only case and number are shown by ending. An adjective by itself has no gender, but re¯ects the gender of the noun that it modi®es. Thus adjectives must be capable of showing each of the three genders.
Like nouns, adjectives belong to declensions from which they take their endings.
Adjectives fall into two groups: ®rst-second-declension adjectives and third-declension adjectives.
First-Second-Declension Adjectives
First-second-declension adjectives take their endings from the ®rst and second declensions of nouns. That is, they take their masculine and neuter endings from the second declension and their feminine endings from the ®rst.
Here are some examples of ®rst-second-declension adjectives: bonus, bona, bonum
good
malus, mala, malum
bad
duÅrus, duÅra, duÅrum
hard
miser, misera, miserum
wretched
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
beautiful
dexter, dextra, dextrum
right
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum
left
frõÅgidus, frõÅgida, frõÅgidum
cold
magnus, magna, magnum
large, great
Given above are the nominative singular masculine, feminine, and neuter.
The stem for declining the adjective is obtained by dropping the ending -a from the feminine nominative singular.
17
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
18
CHAPTER 2 The Adjective
As stated, these adjectives decline using the endings of the ®rst and second declensions. They use the endings of the ®rst declension for their feminine forms and the second declension for their masculine and neuter forms.
The stem for malus, mala, malum is mal-. It declines as follows: Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Singular
Nominative
malus
mala
malum
Genitive
malõÅ
malae
malõÅ
Dative
maloÅ
malae
maloÅ
Accusative
malum
malam
malum
Ablative
maloÅ
malaÅ
maloÅ
Vocative
male
mala
malum
Plural
Nominative=vocative
malõÅ
malae
mala
Genitive
maloÅrum
malaÅrum
maloÅrum
Dative
malõÅs
malõÅs
malõÅs
Accusative
maloÅs
malaÅs
mala
Ablative
malõÅs
malõÅs
malõÅs
The stem for miser, misera, miserum is miser-. Such adjectives have -er in the masculine nominative and vocative singular. Otherwise, they decline as malus above.
Exercises
1. Choose the correct form of the adjective magnus, magna, magnum to agree with the following nouns. (If there is more than one possibility, give all.)
1. puer
_____________
2. urbis
_____________
3. reÅgõÅnõÅs
_____________
4. agricolaÅrum
_____________
5. amoÅre
_____________
6. cursuÅs
_____________
7. reÅs
_____________
8. ¯uctuum
_____________
9. puella
_____________
10. mentium
_____________
CHAPTER 2 The Adjective
19
2. Decline fully the following phrases:
1. reÅx bonus
Singular
Plural
Nominative=vocative
_____________
_____________
Genitive
_____________
_____________
Dative
_____________
_____________
Accusative
_____________
_____________
Ablative
_____________
_____________
2. urbs pulchra
Singular
Plural
Nominative=vocative
_____________
_____________
Genitive
_____________
_____________
Dative
_____________
_____________
Accusative
_____________
_____________
Ablative
_____________
_____________
3. bellum duÅrum
Singular
Plural
Nominative=vocative
_____________