School Choice or Best Systems_ What Improves Education_ - Margaret C. Wang [63]
25 Greene and Winters, conclusion.
26 Montana ranks about exactly average in education spending per student, adjusted for regional cost differences (2002) at $7,772 per pupil compared with the $7,734 U.S. average. “Quality Counts 2005: No Small Change—Targeting Money toward Student Performance,” Education Week 24, no. 17 (January 8, 2005): 102.
27 See student achievement rankings in National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2006); and state profile for Montana at http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/states/profile.asp .
28 National Center for Education Statistics, Table 93, “Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Enrollment, by Type and Size of School: 2001-02,” http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d03/tables/dt093.asp. The average number of students per school in 2001-02 was 520. Other statistics come from David Strang, “The Administrative Transformation of American Education: School District Consolidation, 1938-1980,” Administrative Science Quarterly (1987): 352-66, cited in Walberg and Walberg.
29 Walberg and Walberg, pp. 19-26.
30 Ibid., p. 5.
31 Terry M. Moe, “A Union by Any Other Name,” Education Next, Fall 2001, http://www.educationnext.org/20013/38moe.html.
32 Belfield and Levin.
33 National Center for Education Statistics, Table 86, “Number of Public School Districts and Enrollment, by Size of District: Selected Years, 1989-90 to 2001-02,” http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d03/tables/dt086.asp.
34 Elaine Allensworth, “Graduation and Dropout Trends in Chicago: A Look at Cohorts of Students from 1991 to 2004,” Chicago Consortium for School Research, 2005, http://ccsr.uchicago.edu/content/publications.php?pub_id=61&list=t.
35 National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card.
36 William D. Eggers, Lisa Snell, Robert Wavra, and Adrian T. Moore, “Driving More Money into the Classroom: The Promise of Shared Services,” Reason Foundation and Deloitte Research LLC, October 2005, http://www.reason.org/ps339.pdf.
37 Ibid.
38 See John Yinger, Howard S. Bloom, Axel Borch-Supan, and Helen F. Ladd, Property Taxes and Housing Values (Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1988).
39 Caroline Minter Hoxby, “Local Property Tax-Based Funding of Public Schools,” Heartland Institute, May 19, 1997, pp. 1-2. See also idem, “Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers? Evidence from Natural Variation in School Districting,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 4979, 1994; and Melvin Borland and Roy Howsen, “Student Academic Achievement and the Degree of Market Concentration in Education,” Economics of Education Review 389 (1992): 31-39.
Chapter 6
1 James W. Skillen, ed., The School Choice Controversy: What Is Constitutional? (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1993); and Virgil C. Blum, Freedom of Choice in Education (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
2 Steven Arons, Short Route to Chaos (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997); R. McCarthy, D. Oppewal, W. Peterson, and G. Spykman, Society, State and Schools: A Case for Structural and Confessional Pluralism (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1981); and D. D. McGarry and L. Ward, eds., Educational Freedom and the Case for Government Aid to Students in Independent Schools (Milwaukee, WI: Bruce, 1966).
3 U.S. Supreme Court, Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) at 12.
4 U.S. Supreme Court, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) at 32.
5 For a complete defense of this statement, see Joseph L. Bast and Herbert J. Walberg, “Can Parents Choose the Best Schools for Their Children?” Economics of Education Review 23 (2004): 431-40.
6 John E. Coons and S. D. Sugarman, Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control (Troy, NY: Educator’s International Press, 1978), p. 47.
7 Ibid., p. 51.
8 Andrew J. Coulson, Market Education: The Unknown History (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999), p. 260. See http://www.cato.org/people/coulson.html for additional Coulson references and information.
9 U.S. Department of Education, “National Household