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created the KGB’s “profile of the individual.” It was only those activities that were “out of profile” that would result in special attention from the “watchers.” For example, a newly arrived midlevel employee seen having lunch regularly with more senior staff might draw interest. The Soviets working at the U.S. Embassy had been screened and approved by the KGB. Many spoke excellent English (sometimes without even a trace of an accent), and did the bulk of the actual work for the Embassy when dealing with other Soviets who wanted to apply for a travel visa or to emigrate to the United States. They also were “fixers” that enabled the Embassy to cut through the Byzantine Soviet bureaucracy, as well as cooks, drivers, cleaning staff, gardeners, and even building maintenance personnel. They were seen as so essential to the smooth running of the Embassy that they became ubiquitous. Too frequently their nationality was forgotten and they were treated as “friends and colleagues” by many of the American personnel stationed at the Embassy despite awareness that they reported regularly to the KGB. Even seemingly innocuous patterns of who sat next to each other in the cafeteria, or whose wives were chatting closely at official functions, were considered as they attempted to unmask officers.

7 The Second Directorate is responsible for internal security.

8 Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 185.

9 Ibid.

10 At Soviet embassies throughout the world, the spouses and dependents of diplomatic and intelligence personnel filled the required administrative and support jobs.

11 Ronald Kessler, Moscow Station (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989), 68, 106.

12 As a result of his exposure, the officer received thorough annual medical checkups in the following years. No physical harm from the radiation was ever identified.

13 Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 192.

14 Fifteen years later, in 1970, after most of CIA had relocated to the Langley Headquarters, East and South Buildings were occupied by TSD. The tech found himself assigned to the office formerly occupied by the DCI. He removed one of the acoustic tiles above where he imagined the DCI’s desk might have sat. Hanging by a now unconnected wire was a single DD-4 microphone, apparently missed when the recording system was dismantled.

15 Grose, Gentleman Spy, 308.

16 Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, 61-62.

17 Throughout the late 1950s, several TSS engineers worked on or were assigned to the large technology programs such as the U-2, but the programs were neither managed nor owned by TSS.

18 Jeffrey T. Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 25.

19 Grose, Gentleman Spy, 391.

20 Schecter and Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, 101.

21 Ibid.

22 Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, 105. Compared to satellites and spy planes, agents were far less costly. During his time as an agent for the Americans in the 1950s, Colonel Pyotr Popov was paid an estimated $4,000 a year (approximately $25,000 adjusted for inflation) and provided intelligence on GRU and KGB operations in both Europe and the United States. A single satellite would pay the salaries of ten thousand agents like Popov.

23 In 1962, the formation of the Directorate of Research consolidated high-altitude reconnaissance and satellite programs along with CIA-sponsored research in the new directorate. However, TSD and its technical support to operations responsibility remained under the Directorate of Plans.

CHAPTER FIVE

1 Charles E. Lathrop, The Literary Spy (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004) 339.

2 The TOO’s referred to this as “the tech culture.” Mention is also made by Grose, Gentleman Spy, 389.

3 Grose, Gentleman Spy, 155-156.

4 When used in reference to TSD and OTS, “research and development” or “R&D” means “applied research and development.” The term “development and engineering” is usually more