Spycraft - Melton [295]
31 Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, 219.
32 Waller, “The Myth of the Rogue Elephant Interred,” 6-7.
33 U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Foreign and Military Intelligence Final Report, Book 1. 94th Congress, 2nd Sess., April 26, 1976.
34 The new MKULTRA records were potentially explosive for two separate reasons. First, the fact that they had not been discovered when sought by the Church Committee investigation could have pointed to a CIA “cover-up.” Second, the additional records had the potential for containing significantly new information about MKULTRA experiments and operational plans. Despite the hundreds of thousands of words written about MKULTRA, most of the CIA’s documentation about the program was destroyed in 1972-1973 at the direction of DCI Richard Helms. As recounted to the author by a TSD officer who was involved with the destruction, Dr. Gottlieb returned to TSD headquarters in late 1972 or early 1973 and advised his senior staff that the Director has ordered all MKULTRA records destroyed. It was a verbal order; there would be no memo. There followed some discussion about the advisability of destroying all records, particularly the documentation of research procedures and scientific results. Gottlieb responded that the directive had been unambiguous—all the records were to be destroyed. In the following days, MKULTRA project and operational records held by TDS were systematically shredded. Subsequently, remaining documentary information about MKULTRA has been subject to numerous FOIA requests and released to the public with some redactions of information judged to require continued classification.
35 Center for the Study of Intelligence, “An Interview with Richard Helms,” Studies in Intelligence, 25:3, Central Intelligence Agency, 1981, 21.
36 U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence and the Sub Committee on Human Resources, Project MKULTRA, The CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification. 95th Congress, 1st Sess., August 3, 1977.
37 See: Marks, The Search for the ‘Manchurian Candidate, for a detailed account of the CIA research into human behavior based on official documents declassified under the Freedom of Information Act and released after publication of the 1975 Rockefeller Commission and 1976 Church Committee reports.
38 Bart Barnes, “Obituary, Sidney Gottlieb,” Washington Post, March 11, 1999, B.05. The opening sentence of the obituary identifies Gottlieb as “the former chief of the Central Intelligence Agency’s technical services division who in the ’60s directed CIA mind-control experiments, including the administration of drugs and LSD to unwitting humans . . .” Not mentioned is that the experimentation cited was authorized, limited, and ended by the mid-’50s.
39 Ted Gup, “The Coldest Warrior,” The Washington Post Magazine, December 16, 2001.
40 Center for the Studies of Intelligence, “An Interview with Former General Counsel John S. Warner,” Studies in Intelligence, 22:2, Central Intelligence Agency, 1978, 49.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
1 Interview with Carl A. Strahle. Strahle was one of the printers in the London OSS document shop. See also Christof Mauch, The Shadow War Against Hitler (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 179ff, and Persico, Piercing the Reich, 23-26. Casey would become Director of Central Intelligence in 1981.
2 The “intelligence division,” “graphic arts reproduction division,” and the “furnishings and equipment division” each produced identity-related materials. The other three original TSS divisions were organized to support agent communications, audio surveillance, and research and development.
3 “Cover” refers to the assumed or created identity, occupation and background of an intelligence operative. An operative can be assigned an occupational cover in his true name or can be placed “under cover” in