Summer World_ A Season of Bounty - Bernd Heinrich [111]
cecropia moths and, 110
flowering of trees and plants, 21–23
insect coloration and, 104
leaf drop timing and, 211–21
leaves and flower buds in spring, 14–20, 15, 17
preparation for summer, 9–11
wood frogs and, 30–32, 36
tenebrionid beetles, 164–66, 164, 165
Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall, 163
Thoreau, Henry David, 184
time, biological and circadian clocks, 11–20
tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), 97, 100, 104
tomato hornworms (Manduca quinquemaculata), 97, 104
Toolson, Eric C., 170
tree ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), 79–81
tree frogs, 29, 30
trees, preparation for summer, 10–11, 10. See also leaves; specific trees
tree swallows, 69
Trouvelot, E. Leopold, 121
Truman, Jim, 104, 108–9
Trypoxylon politum wasps, 67–72, 70, 74–75, 74
turkey carcass, 153–54
Tweedlaarkanniedood, see Welwitschia mirabilis
V
Venus flytrap, 219
vernal (spring) equinox, 2, 4, 5
Vespa mandarinia japonica hornets, 171
Viburnum rhytidophyllum, 220
Viola sororia violets, 224, 229
vitamins A and D, 208
W
Wald, George, 180–81
Waldman, Bruce, 36–37
wasps
cocoons and, 111–13, 117, 119, 120, 121–22, 202, 202
insects mimicking of, 63–64
nesting behavior and variations, 67–75, 70, 73, 74
water, behavioral adaptation to scarcity of, 159–60, 163–71
Wehner, Rüdiger and Sibylle, 172
Welwitsch, Frederick Martin Joseph, 178, 179
Welwitschia mirabilis, 178–81, 178
white birch trees, 16
white cabbage butterflies (Pieris brassicae), 12–13, 13
white pine trees, 214
Williams, Carroll, 108–9
willow trees, 15, 19
Wilson, Edward O., 62, 199
winter preparations, for summer, 7–20
winter solstice, 2, 4, 11, 18
witch hazel, 16, 18, 212, 213
woodcocks, 48–49, 48
wood ducks, 25
wood frogs
calling by, female choice and, 37–41
calling by, in fall, 229–30
calling by, in spring, 22, 31, 32–33, 32
cannibalism and, 41–43
communal nesting in temporary pools, 32, 34–37
mating of, 33
temperature and development of pupae, 30–31, 36
woodpeckers, 143, 225, 229. See also yellow-bellied sapsuckers
wood thrush, 69
wooly alder aphid, 224
X
xylem, sap sucking and, 147–48
Y
Yanega, Douglas, 125
yellow-bellied sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius), 141–43, 147
drumming, 141, 152
feeding, 146–49, 150, 151
Acknowledgments
WRITING THIS BOOK REQUIRED ME TO TAP INTO EXPERT advice on many subjects. I leaned on numerous people for help and received advice, suggestions, and inspiration. In alphabetical order, I thank Jeffrey Boettner, Chris Bouchard, Michael Caduto, Janice Cahill, Alice Calaprice, Michael Canfield, Rod Eastwood, Jeffrey Hughes, Daniel Janzen, William Jordan, Frank J. Joyce, Steven Krauth, Kevin O’Neil, Catherine Paris, Naomi Pierce, David L. Wagner, and Edward O. Wilson. I thank Paula Kelly and Lisa Barrett for steering me to hornet nests. But mostly I thank Daniel Halpern, publisher of Ecco, for suggesting this project as a companion and counterpart to Winter World; Sandra Dijkstra, my agent, for supporting it; Taryn Fagerness, John Scibetta, and Trey Shores for being a sounding board on several chapters; and Emily Takoudes for her insightful and wise editing, which helped bring it all to fruition.
About the Author
BERND HEINRICH is the author of numerous award-winning books, including the best-selling Winter World, Mind of the Raven, and Why We Run, and has received countless honors for his scientific work. He also writes for Scientific American, Outside, American Scientist, and Audubon, and has published book reviews and op-eds for the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. He studied at the University of Maine and UCLA, and is professor emeritus of biology at the University of Vermont. Heinrich divides his time between Vermont and the forests of western Maine.
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Also by Bernd Heinrich
The Snoring Bird
The Geese of Beaver Bog
Why We Run (previously titled Racing the Antelope)
Winter World