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pollination by, 144

pupae development and temperature, 11

wasps and, 111–13, 117, 119, 120, 121–22, 202, 202

muskrats, 24

Myrmecocystus ant, 168, 169

N

Namib Desert. See deserts

Nemaria arizonaria moths, 98

nesting

of bees, 23, 73–74

of birds, 23–26, 50–52, 51, 69

of wasps, 67–75, 70, 73, 74

of wood frogs, 32, 34–37

nighthawks, 161–62

O

oak trees

blooming, 16

leaf retention, 214

in snow, 217, 218

Oecophylla smaragdina ants, 79–81

Oncideres quercus beetles, 127

organ-pipe mud daubers (Trypoxylon politum), 67–72, 70, 74–75, 74

orioles, 69

osprey, 224–25

P

Pearson, T. Gilbert, 24

Pediculus humanus capitis lice, 186

Pediculus humanus corporis lice, 186

Pengelly, Eric, 14

phloem, sap sucking and, 148

phoebes

calling, 50–51, 52–53

in fall, 223

nesting, 23, 50–52, 51

in spring, 49–50

photoperiod. See sunlight

photosynthesis, 2–3, 179

Pieris brassicae butterflies, 12–13, 13

pileated woodpeckers, 24

pine sawyers, 129

plovers, 162

Pluvianus aegyptianus plovers, 162

pollination

by ruby-throated hummingbirds, 144

timing of bloom, 212

polyembryony, in wasps, 112–13

Polyphemus moths, 111

Polyrhachis queenslandica ants, 80–81

poplar trees, 16

Potter, Phil, 49, 137

promethean moths (Calosamia promethea)

cocoons, 111, 115–18, 120

collapse of population, 118–22

Prunella vulgaris (self-heal), 224

Pthirus pubis lice, 186

pubic lice (Pthirus pubis), 186

Q

quaking aspen trees, 10, 16, 17, 19, 23

R

ravens

in fall, 224

learning curve of wasp evasion, 64–66

nesting, 69

Real, Pamela, 90

red ants (Formica subintegra), 193–200, 194

red-breasted nuthatches, 214

red-eyed vireos, 62–65, 63

red maple trees, buds and blooming, 10, 19, 23

red-winged blackbirds, 25, 27, 45, 46–48, 203

resurrection fern, 176

rhododendrons, 200, 219–20

Riddiford, Lynne, 109

robins, 69, 203–4

rock maple trees. See sugar maple trees

ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris), 142–46, 152

ruffed grouse, 225 “runoff” farming, 167

S

saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), 168

sand grouse, 162

sap licks, activity at, 57, 59, 141–43, 149, 152

sapsuckers. See yellow-bellied sapsuckers sawyer beetles. See longhorn beetles

Schaller, George B., 212

Schistocerca gregaria grasshoppers, 98

Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut and Bodil, 160

scoliid wasps, 71

search image, diversity of form and, 86–87

self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), 224

serviceberry trees. See Juneberry trees

sexton (burying) beetles, 153–55

sexual selection, survival value and, 189–91

silk moths

Bombyx mori, 116

promethean moths (Calosamia promethea), 111, 111, 115–22, 120

snowfalls

in early spring, 22, 46

in fall, 19, 216–21

solstices, 2–3, 4, 11, 18, 131

speckled alder trees, 23

sphagnum moss, 177–78

Sphecodina abbotti moths, developmental plasticity, 97–102, 101

sphinx moths. See hornworms; moths

Sphyrapicus varius sapsucker, 141–43, 147

drumming of, 141, 152

feeding of, 146–49, 150, 151

spiders, as wasp pupa food, 69–70, 73

Spilocryptus extrematus wasps, 111–13

spring awakenings, 21–27

spring azure butterflies (Lycaenopsis argiolus), 77–78

spring beauties, 23

spring equinox, 2, 4, 5, 227

spring peepers, 22, 223, 229

spruce trees, 214, 215

squirrels, 14

staphylinid (rove) beetles, 154

stars, bird migration by, 8–9

stomatos, of desert plants, 179

Stoneking, Mark, 185, 186

sugar maple trees

blooming, 16, 23, 213

Glycobius speciosus borer and, 127–29, 128

in snow, 216

yellow-bellied sapsuckers and, 148–49, 151

summer solstice, 2–3, 4, 131

sunlight, 9, 11

caterpillars and coloration, 102–3

earth’s tilt and, 2–3, 4

flowering of trees and plants, 21–23

hours of, in New England, 9, 11

leaves and flower buds in spring, 14–20, 15, 17

spring and fall equinoxes and, 227–28

time of leaf fall, 211

sylphids, 154

T

tabanid flies, 137–38

tamarack trees, 206

temperature

bald-faced hornets and, 57–62

behavioral adaptation to