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Dolichovespula maculate hornet, 97–102, 171

dormancy, 15–16

dragonflies, 67, 135–36

drumming, by sapsuckers, 141, 152

dung beetle, 154

Dynastes darius butterflies chrysalis, 103

E

Earth, annual journey around the sun, 2–3, 4

ecosystem

checks and balances on summer mortality, 107–13

chemicals’ effects on, 207–9

delicate balance of hosts and parasites, 115–23

ectoparasites, 185–88

eggshells, DDT’s effect on, 208

Egyptian plover (Pluvianus aegyptianus), 162

Elkinton, Joseph S., 121

elm trees, 19, 23

energy

photosynthesis and, 2–3, 179

in summer versus winter, 6

Enicospilus americanus wasp, 117–18, 117, 120

equinoxes, 2–3, 4, 201, 223, 227

Erinnyis ello sphinx moths caterpillar, 101

F

fall, springlike behavior in, 223–30

fall equinox, 3, 4, 201, 223, 227

ferns, 176

fir trees, 215

Fitness of the Environment, The (Henderson), 180

flies, 131–39

Formica fusca ants, 193–200, 194

Formica subintegra ants, 193–200, 194

fossil fuels, humans’ use to create perpetual summer, 183–85

frogs. See tree frogs; wood frogs

G

gallium sphynx moths (Hyles gallii), 102

Gambrus wasps, 111–13, 117, 119, 120, 121–22

geese, 24–25, 224

Geranium maculatum (cranesbill), 224

girdling, by longhorn beetles, 126–29, 128

Gliese 581C, 180

Glycobius speciosus borer, 127–29

goldfinches, 69

grackles, 25, 45–46, 203–4

grass-carrying wasp (Isodontia mexiciana), 71, 74

grasshopper (Schistocerca gregaria), 98

groundhogs, 14

ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis), 14

Gulf of Mexico, 145

Gwinner, Eberhard, 14

gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar), 121

H

hair

Homo neanderthalensis and, 188–91

Homo sapiens and, 185–88

Hawk Mountain, 145

head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), 186

Heath, James E., 170

Hemeroplanes triptolemus moths, 103

Henderson, Lawrence L., 180

hepaticas, 23

hibernation, possible by Neanderthals, 191

Holland, W. J., 115

Hölldobler, Bert, 199–200

Homo neanderthalensis, 188–91

Homo sapiens, 185–88

honeypot ants (Camponotus inflatus), 168–69

honeysuckle, 218, 224, 228

hornets, 171. See also bald-faced hornets

hornworms

tobacco, 97, 100, 104

tomato, 97, 104

Howard, Richard D., 37, 38

Huckleberry Bog, 205–6

humans

adaptation of lice to Homo sapiens’s movement out of Africa, 183–85

capacity to change, 104–5

fuel used to create perpetual summer, 183–85

Homo neanderthalensis survival in cold, 188–91

hummingbirds. See ruby-throated hummingbirds

Hunters or the Hunted, The (Brain), 164

Hyalophora cecropia moths, 108–11, 111

Hyles gallii moths, 102

I

Indian summer, 223–30

insects. See also specific insects

damage done by biological control of, 121–22

preparation for summer, 11–13

instars

caterpillars, 98–100

cecropia moths, 108–11

Isodontia mexiciana wasp, 71, 74

J

juncos, 46

Juneberry trees (Amelanchier), 143, 176

K

Kalahari Bushmen, 163, 169

Kamil, Alan, 89

Kluge, Arnold G., 38

Korn, Hermann, 166

L

larch trees, 214

leaf-cutter bees, 73–74

leatherleaf viburnum (Viburnum rhytidophyllum), 220

leaves. See also trees

adaptive advantage and shedding of, 19, 211–21

buds and leafing out of, 14–20, 15, 17

clipping by caterpillars, 83–90

rolling by caterpillars, 90–95, 94

lice, 185–88

lichen, 177–78

lilac buds, 19

Liphyra brassolis butterflies, 79–80

longhorn beetles, 125–29

Lycaenopsis argiolus butterflies, 77–78, 78

Lycopodia mosses, 177

Lymantria dispar moths, 121

M

macaques, 189, 190

magnolia trees, 214, 220

Maiasaurus, 69

mallards, 25–26

Manduca quinquemaculata hornworm, 97, 104

Manduca sexta hornworm, 97, 100, 104

maple trees, 16

Marden, James, 166

Marsh, Frank L., 107–12

Martin, Henno, 166

midges (no-see-ums), 138–39

migration

of birds, using stars, 8–9

of ruby-throated hummingbirds, 144–46

moisture. See water

mosquitoes, 135–36

mosses, 176–77

moth butterflies (Liphyra brassolis), 79–80

moths. See also caterpillars; promethean moths

developmental plasticity of, 97–102, 101

dormancy and temperature, 16