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ORGAN TRANSPLANTS: The first successful long-term kidney transplant was performed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston by Joseph Murray in December 1954, as related in Nicholas Tilney, Transplant: From Myth to Reality (Yale University Press, 2003). / 111 “Donorcyclists”: see Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Todd Elder, and Brian Moore, “Donorcycles: Do Motorcycle Helmet Laws Reduce Organ Donations?” Michigan State University working paper, 2009. / 111 “Presumed consent” laws in Europe: see Alberto Abadie and Sebastien Gay, “The Impact of Presumed Consent Legislation on Cadaveric Organ Donation: A Cross Country Study,” Journal of Health Economics 25, no. 4 (July 2006). / 112 The Iranian kidney program is described in Ahad J. Ghods and Shekoufeh Savaj, “Iranian Model of Paid and Regulated Living-Unrelated Kidney Donation,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1 (October 2006); and Benjamin E. Hippen, “Organ Sales and Moral Travails: Lessons from the Living Kidney Vendor Program in Iran,” Cato Institute, Policy Analysis, no. 614, March 20, 2008. / 112 The exchange between Dr. Barry Jacobs and Rep. AI Gore took place in the Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment to consider H.R. 4080, October 17, 1983.

JOHN LIST, GAME-CHANGER: This section is drawn primarily from author interviews with John A. List as well as a number of his many, many papers, several written in collaboration with Steven D. Levitt. These papers include: List, “Does Market Experience

Eliminate Market Anomalies?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, no. 1 (2003); Glenn Harrison and List, “Field Experiments,” Journal of Economic Literature 42 (December 2004); List, “Dictator Game Giving Is an Experimental Artifact,” working paper, 2005; List, “The Behavioralist Meets the Market: Measuring Social Preferences and Reputation Effects in Actual Transactions,” Journal of Political Economy 14, no. 1 (2006); Levitt and List, “Viewpoint: On the Generalizability of Lab Behaviour to the Field,” Canadian Journal of Economics 40, no. 2 (May 2007); Levitt and List, “What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Tell Us About the Real World,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 2 (2007); List, “On the Interpretation of Giving in Dictator Games,” Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 3 (2007); List and Todd L. Cherry, “Examining the Role of Fairness in High Stakes Allocation Decisions,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 65, no. 1 (2008); Levitt and List, “Homo Economicus Evolves,” Science, February 15, 2008; Levitt, List, and David Reiley, “What Happens in the Field Stays in the Field: Professionals Do Not Play Minimax in Laboratory Experiments,” Econometrica (forthcoming, 2009); Levitt and List, “Field Experiments in Economics: The Past, the Present, and the Future,” European Economic Review (forthcoming, 2009). Note that other researchers have begun questioning whether altruism seen in the lab is an artifact of the experiment itself; notably, see Nicholas Bardsley, “Experimental Economics and the Artificiality of Alteration,” Journal of Economic Methodology 12, no. 2 (2005). / 121 “Just those sophomores” and “scientific do-gooders”: see R. L. Rosenthal, Artifact in Behavioral Research (Academic Press, 1969). / 121 “Higher need for approval”: see Richard L. Doty and Colin Silverthorne, “Influence of Menstrual Cycle on Volunteering Behavior,” Nature, 1975. / 121 The boss washing her hands: see Kristen Munger and Shelby J. Harris, “Effects of an Observer on Hand Washing in a Public Restroom,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 69 (1989). / 122 The “honesty box” experiment: see Melissa Bateson, Daniel Nettle, and Gilbert Roberts, “Cues of Being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-World Setting,” Biology Letters, 2006. Along these same lines, consider another clever field experiment, this one conducted in thirty Dutch churches by a young economist named Adriaan R. Soetevent. In these churches, the collection was taken up