The Airplane - Jay Spenser [140]
The author is equally grateful to many other organizations, entities, and individuals. For example, David Craddock, Peter Williams, and Val Gregory, of the Royal Society of New South Wales, helped me properly represent Australian pioneer Lawrence Hargrave. Aviation authority Carroll Gray, creator of the Flying Machines Web site (http://www.flyingmachines.org), also helped, albeit indirectly, by promoting a broad understanding of flight’s early pioneers and their contributions.
Boundless gratitude goes to the dedicated professionals who provided this book’s inspiring imagery. Melissa Keiser, chief photo archivist at the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, lent her enthusiastic support to the betterment of the project, as did her colleagues Jessamyn Lloyd and Kate Igoe. So too did Meredith Downs and Amy Heidrick, photo archivist and lead photo archivist respectively at the Museum of Flight in Seattle. Katherine Williams, archivist extraordinaire of the museum’s Dahlberg Center for Military Aviation History, likewise turned up many rare photos. Additional imagery came from Tom Lubbesmeyer and Mary Kane at Boeing, Connie Moore at NASA, Derek Pedley at Air Team Images, and other sources. For this bountiful help I remain forever grateful.
Finally, I must express my most heartfelt appreciation to Kate Antony, editorial assistant, designer Jessica Shatan Heslin, and copyeditor Sue Warga at HarperCollins for their contributions to this publication, both in its physical realization and as a downloadable e-book.
SEARCHABLE TERMS
Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Ackeret, Jakob, 131
Ader, Clément, 147–48
adverse yaw, 153
aerial daredevil, 214
Aerial Experiment Association, 94
aerial experimenters
Bell as, 94
piston engines used by, 202–3
rudders tested by, 139
Aerial Transit Company, 12–15
aerodynamic drag, 112–13, 220–23
airfoil configurations tested with, 103
cowling reducing, 60, 222–23
from wing flaps, 123–25
aerodynamics
of fairings, 250
optimization in, 141, 298–99
separation in, 116
stall from, 115–16
aero engines, 203
US development of, 213–14
Wright J-5 Whirlwind reliable, 214
Aeronautical Annual, 102
aeronautical engineers, 8, 21, 293–94
Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, 100–101
aeronautical test device, 102–3
aerospace engineers, 294–95
ailerons, 152, 315n15
Airbus A350 XWB, 298
Airbus A380, 252
first-class seating in, 280
as largest commercial transport, 279–80
air-cooled aluminum cylinders, 217
air-cooled radial engines, 215
aircraft dope, 61
airfoil configurations
aerodynamic forces testing, 103
Cayley calculating, 8
center of pressure of, 109
fat cambered, 115
parabolic, 106
propellers and, 205
thin/aerodynamic stall from, 115–16
wings and, 110
Wright brothers testing, 109–10
airframes, 63–64, 67
airline industry
Douglas DC-3’s key role in, 271
economy-class travel in, 279
high-density seating of, 274–75
training in, 286
airliners
of Douglas company, 272–73
early radio-navigation by, 287
of Great Britain, 68
passenger, 265–67
seat width/seat pitch in, 279
airline travel
Cayley thinking about, 9
Western Europe’s emergence of, 67–68
airmail
coast-to-coast delivery times and, 261–62
mail planes used for, 262–64, 264
pilots, 178
service, 246
US commercial aviation beginning with, 258–62
US priority on, 262–64
airplanes. See also biplanes; monoplanes; warplanes
Blériot, Louis, manufacturer of, 53
Cayley’s sketches of, 58
controllability of, 153
control surfaces of, 152–53
defining, 44
entirely metal, 75
first imagining of, 1–2
first multiengine,