The Believing Brain - Michael Shermer [198]
12. Jonathan Haidt, “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,” Psychological Review 108 (2001): 814–34.
13. Ibid. See also F. Cushman, L. Young, and M. Hauser, “The Role of Conscious Reasoning and Intuition in Moral Judgment: Testing Three Principles of Harm,” Psychological Science 17, no. 12 (2006): 1082–89; and Moral Foundations Theory, http://www.moralfoundations.org/.
14. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gachter, “Altruistic Punishment in Humans,” Nature 415 (2002): 137–40. See also R. Boyd and P. J. Richerson, “Punishment Allows the Evolution of Cooperation (Or Anything Else) in Sizable Groups,” Ethology and Sociobiology 13 (1992): 171–95.
15. I outline this history and develop a theory around it in Shermer, Science of Good and Evil.
16. For an excellent summary of the evidence for our tribal nature and what we can do about it, see David Bereby, Us and Them: The Science of Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
17. L. J. Eaves, H. J. Eysenck, and N. G. Martin, Genes, Culture and Personality: An Empirical Approach (London: Academic Press, 1989). The correlation coefficient was .62. Squaring this number gives us an estimate of the percentage of variance accounted for by genetics, which is .384, or roughly 40 percent with error variance.
18. Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles (New York: BasicBooks, 1987), 24–25.
19. Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 2002), 290–91.
20. I present this data in much greater detail in two of my books: The Science of Good and Evil and The Mind of the Market.
21. James Madison, “The Federalist No. 51: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments,” Independent Journal, February 6, 1788.
22. Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1861, Bartleby.com, http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres31.html.
23. I just made up the word idealpolitik, but a quick Google search shows me that it is not original. Alas.
24. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 13.
25. Ibid., 7.
26. Timothy Ferris, The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature (New York: Harper, 2010), 262. This is an excellent treatise on the relationship of science and society.
27. Personal correspondence, March 18, 2010.
28. Ed Husain, The Islamist: Why I Joined Radical Islam in Britain, What I Saw Inside, and Why I Left (New York: Penguin, 2008).
29. Quoted in Marc Erikson, “Islamism, Fascism, and Terrorism,” Asia Times, November 5, 2002, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/DK05Ak01.html.
30. Personal correspondence, March 18, 2010.
31. David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2004).
Chapter 12: Confirmations of Belief
1. Leonard Mlodinow, The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives (New York: Vintage, 2009), 176–79.
2. Raymond Nickerson, “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises,” Review of General Psychology 2, no. 2 (1998): 175–220.
3. Mark Snyder, “Seek and Ye Shall Find: Testing Hypotheses About Other People,” in Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology, ed. E. T. Higgins, C. P. Heiman, and M. P. Zanna (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1981), 277–303.
4. John M. Darley and Paget H. Gross, “A Hypothesis-Confirming Bias in Labeling Effects,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983): 20–33.
5. Bonnie Sherman and Ziva Kunda, “Motivated Evaluation of Scientific Evidence” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Arlington, Va., 1989).
6. Deanna Kuhn, “Children and Adults as Intuitive Scientists,” Psychological Review 96 (1989): 674–89.
7. Deanna Kuhn, Michael Weinstock, and Robin Flaton, “How Well Do Jurors Reason? Competence Dimensions of Individual Variation in a Juror Reasoning Task,” Psychological Science 5 (1994): 289–96.
8. D. Westen, C. Kilts, P. Blagov,