The Believing Brain - Michael Shermer [201]
17. Richard Feynman, quoted in “The Best Mind Since Einstein,” Nova, WGBH Boston, 1993.
18. J. Stannard, “Natural History,” in David Lindberg, ed., Science in the Middle Ages (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
19. Allen Debus, Man and Nature in the Renaissance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
20. Francis Bacon, Novum Organum (1620), in E. A. Burtt, ed., The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill (New York: Random House, 1939).
21. Ibid.
22. John F. W. Herschel, Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (London: Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1830); William Whewell, The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (London: J. W. Parker, 1840); John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation (London: Longmans, Green, 1843).
23. Stephen Jay Gould, “The Sharp-Eyed Lynx, Outfoxed by Nature,” Natural History, May 1998, 16–21, 70–72.
24. Quoted in Gould, “Sharp-Eyed Lynx,” 19, translation by Gould.
25. Edward R. Tufte, Beautiful Evidence (Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 2006).
26. Edward R. Tufte, Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative (Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 1997), 106–8.
27. Gould, “Sharp-Eyed Lynx,” 19.
Chapter 14: Cosmologies of Belief
1. Thomas Wright, An Original Theory; or, New Hypothesis of the Universe (London: H. Chapelle, 1750).
2. Immanuel Kant, Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, trans. W. Hastie (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 61–64.
3. Marcia Bartusiak, The Day We Found the Universe (New York: Pantheon Books, 2009); Gale E. Christianson, Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Timothy Ferris, Coming of Age in the Milky Way (New York: Harper Perennial, 1988).
4. Charles Messier, Catalogue des Nébuleuses et Amas d’Étoiles Observées à Paris (Paris: Imprimerie Royal, 1781).
5. William Herschel, “On the Construction of the Heavens,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 75 (1785): 213–66.
6. William Herschel, “On Nebulous Stars, Properly So Called,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 81 (1791): 71–78.
7. William Herschel, “Catalogue of a Second Thousand of New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; with a Few Introductory Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 79 (1789): 212–55.
8. Earl of Rosse, “Observations on the Nebulae,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 140 (1850): 499–514.
9. John P. Nichol, The Stellar Universe (Edinburgh: John Johnstone, 1848).
10. William Huggins and Lady Huggins, The Scientific Papers of Sir William Huggins (London: Wesley and Son, 1909), 106.
11. Agnes M. Clerke, The System of the Stars (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1890). A decade later Clerke further reinforced the nebular hypothesis in Agnes M. Clerke, A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1902).
12. Arthur C. Clarke, “Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination,” in Profiles of the Future: An Enquiry into the Limits of the Possible (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), 14. But note as well, Isaac Asimov’s corollary to Clarke’s law: “When, however, the lay public rallies round an idea that is denounced by distinguished but elderly scientists and supports that idea with great fervor and emotion—the distinguished but elderly scientists are then, after all, probably right.”
13. Edward A. Fath, “The Spectra of Some Spiral Nebulae and Globular Star Clusters,” Lick Observatory Bulletin 149 (1908): 71–77.
14. I am grateful to the current director of the Lick Observatory, Michael Bolte, along with the astronomer Remington Stone, for a personally guided tour of the observatory and telescopes, along with a colorful narrative history of the construction, development, and history of this historic monument to science.
15. Quoted in Robert Smith, The Expanding Universe