The Box - Marc Levinson [185]
28. Broeze, The Globalisation of the Oceans, pp. 42 and 57–59; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1912–73, p. 97; Gilbert Massac, “Le transport maritime par conteneurs: concentrations et globalisation,” Techniques avancées, no. 43 (April 1998); Gunnar K. Sletmo and Ernest W. Williams Jr., Liner Conferences in the Container Age: U.S. Policy at Sea (New York, 1981), p. 308; “Cooling the Rate War.”
29. Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 25; Wallin„ “The Development, Economics, and Impact,” p. 883.
30. U.S. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President (Washington, DC, 1982), p. 356; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1974, p. 40.
31. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1972–73, p. 96; Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, pp. 25, 220; Clare M. Reckert, “R. J. Reynolds Profit Up 3% in Quarter,” NYT, February 13, 1975; “Their Ship’s Finally Come In,” NYT, September 8, 1974.
32. UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics 1981 Supplement (New York, 1982), p. 45; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1975, p. 36, and 1976, p. 32; Robert Lindsey “Pacific Shipping Rate War Flares, Mostly on Soviet Vessel Build-Up,” NYT, July 4, 1975.
33. On costs, see Sletmo and Williams, Liner Conferences, pp. 147 and 156. Peninsula & Oriental, a major British ship line, announced in 1968 that its planning was based on the assumption that the Suez Canal was closed permanently, and other carriers appear to have made the same choice; see Fairplay, July 4, 1968, p. 79, and Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 248.
34. Relative fuel costs appear in Sletmo and Williams, Liner Conferences, p. 162. Opposition by Sea-Land’s board to the SL-7 purchase is discussed in John Boylston interview, COHP.
35. On relations between Sea-Land and R. J. Reynolds, see Tursi, White, and McQuilkin, Lost Empire, chaps. 15–16 and 23; R. J. Reynolds Industries, Annual Reports from 1975 through 1980; transcript of R. J. Reynolds Industries Analyst Meeting, September 19–21, 1976; and comment from R. J. Reynolds Industries’ chief financial officer Gwain H. Gillespie at analyst presentation, November 1, 1984, p. 78. These and other relevant R. J. Reynolds documents are available on a Web site created in conjunction with antitobacco litigation, tobaccodocuments.org.
36. Colin Jones, “Heading for a Period of Consolidation,” Financial Times, January 15, 1976.
Chapter 12
The Bigness Complex
1. Author’s telephone interview with Earl Hall, May 21, 1993; “Malcom McLean’s $750 Million Gamble,” Business Week, April 16, 1979.
2. “Pinehurst Club Is Sold for $9-Million,” NYT January 1, 1971; author’s telephone interview with Dena Van Dyk, May 2, 1994; William Rob-bins, “Vast Plantation Is Carved Out of North Carolina Wilderness,” NYT, May 8, 1974; Business Week, April 1, 1979.
3. Sletmo and Williams, Liner Conferences, p. 39.
4. Lloyd’s Shipping Economist, September 1982, p. 9; Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 220; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, various issues.
5. Michael Kuby and Neil Reid, “Technological Change and the Concentration of the U.S. General Cargo Port System: 1970–88,” Economic Geography 68, no. 3 (1993): 279.
6. American Association of Port Authorities; Marad, “Containerized Cargo Statistics,” various years; Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping, p. 29; Containerisation International Yearbook, various years. The figures for this period must be interpreted cautiously, because the statistical definition of “container” had not yet been standardized in terms of 20-foot