The Box - Marc Levinson [186]
7. Hugh Turner, Robert Windle, and Martin Dresner, “North American Containerport Productivity: 1984–1997,” Transportation Research Part E (2003): 354.
8. Yehuda Hayut, “Containerization and the Load Center Concept,” Economic Geography 57, no. 2 (1981): 170.
9. Brian Slack, “Pawns in the Game: Ports in a Global Transportation System,” Growth and Change 24, no. 4 (1993): 579–588; Kuby and Reid, “Technological Change,” p. 280; Containerisation International Yearbook, 1988.
10. Port of Seattle, Marine Planning and Development Department, “Container Terminal Development Plan,” October 1991; Eileen Rhea Rabach, “By Sea: The Port Nexus in the Global Commodity Network (The Case of the West Coast Ports)” (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 2002), p. 86. Rabach’s assertion that port competition is a zero-sum game is not correct; as this study argues, declining costs throughout the transportation system have stimulated the flow of international trade.
11. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1979, p. 29; Marad, “United States Port Development Expenditure Report,” 1991; Herman L. Boschken, Strategic Design and Organizational Change: Pacific Rim Seaports in Transition (Tuscaloosa, 1988), pp. 61–65. On the Oakland dredging saga, see Christopher B. Busch, David L. Kirp, and Daniel F. Schoenholz, “Taming Adversarial Legalism: The Port of Oakland’s Dredging Saga Revisited,” Legislation and Public Policy 2, no. 2 (1999): 179–216; Ronald E. Magden, The Working Longshoreman (Tacoma, 1996), p. 190.
12. Fairplay, July 3, 1975, p. 37; Slack, “Pawns in the Game,” p. 582; Turner, Windle, and Dresner, “North American Containerport Productivity,” p. 351; author’s interview with Mike Beritzhoff, Oakland, CA, January 25, 2005.
13. Boschken, Strategic Design, p. 200.
14. Hans J. Peters, “Private Sector Involvement in East and Southeast Asian Ports: An Overview of Contractual Arrangements,” Infrastructure Notes, World Bank, March 1995.
15. Pearson and Fossey, World Deep-Sea Container Shipping.
16. Lloyd’s Shipping Economist, January 1983, p. 10.
17. Ibid., p. 12 and March 1985, p. 4.
18. Daniel Machalaba, “McLean Bets that Jumbo Freighter Fleet Can Revive Industry,” Wall Street Journal, September 26, 1986; Ron Katims interview, COHP.
19. Broeze, The Globalisation of the Oceans, p. 95.
20. Ibid., p. 84; Lloyd’s Shipping Economist, April 1984, p. 7, and March 1986, p. 3; UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1989, p. 25; JOC, October 15, 1986.
21. Bruce Barnard, “Evergreen Set to Drop Felixstowe,” JOC, October 22, 1986; Machalaba, “McLean Bets”; Kuby and Reid, “Technological Change,” p. 279.
22. Lloyd’s Shipping Economist, January 1987; Gibson and Donovan, The Abandoned Ocean, p. 218; Susan F. Rasky, “Bankruptcy Step Taken by McLean,” NYT, November 25, 1986.
23. The bankruptcy filing, in re McLean Industries, Inc., was in the Southern District of New York, case numbers 86–12238 through 86–12241. This paragraph draws on docket nos. 106, 107, 111, 133, and 163. On the vessel sale, see Daniel Machalaba, “Sea-Land Will Buy 12 Superfreighters Idled by U.S. Lines Inc. for $160 Million,” Wall Street Journal, February 9, 1988.
24. Author’s interview with Gerald Toomey, May 5, 1993; Daniel Machalaba, “Container Shipping’s Inventor Plans to Start Florida-Puerto Rico Service,” Wall Street Journal, January 31, 1992. For the views of a former U.S. Lines employee, see “McLean Doesn’t Deserve Award,” letter to the editor, JOC, September 16, 1992.
25. R. M. Katims, “Keynote Address: Terminal of the Future,” in National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Facing the Challenge: The Intermodal Terminal of the Future (Washington, DC, 1986), pp. 1–3.
Chapter 13
The Shippers’ Revenge
1. Comment of Karl Heinz Sager cited in Broeze, The Globalisation of the Oceans, p. 41.
2. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1975, p. 43.
3. Fairplay, July 15, 1971, pp. 47 and 53. UNCTAD’s estimated shipping costs were:
Average Cost of Handling