The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [204]
19 “Swallows and magpies”: Marlon K. Horn, “Rhymes Cantonese Mothers Sang,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1999 (Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1999), p. 63.
Chapter Two. America: A New Hope
20 23 million people: Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O‘Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, eds., The Oxford History of the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 814.
20 430 million: Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 210.
20 towns of more than 2,500 people: Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O’Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, p. 814.
21 Population statistics for Paris and London: Adna Ferrin Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1963), p. 450.
21 a mere six cities in the United States had more than 100,000 people: Robert Sobel and David B. Sicilia, The Entrepreneurs: An American Adventure (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), p. 119.
21 New York population in mid-nineteenth century: Adna Ferrin Weber, p. 450.
21 Description of New York and Brooklyn: Ruth Barnes Moynihan, Cynthia Russett, and Laurie Crumpacker, eds., Second to None: A Documentary History of American Women (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 209.
21 Information on Irish and German immigrants: Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (New York: HarperPerennial, 1990), pp. 129, 146.
22 Life expectancy data on China and the United States: James I. Lee and Wang Feng, One Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 54; Michael Haines, “The Population of the United States, 1790-1920,” in Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of the United States (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996-2000), p. 159; Michael R. Haines, “Estimated Life Tables for the United States, 1850-1910,” Historical Methods 31:4 (Fall 1998).
23-24 Life in American Midwest: M. H. Dunlop, Sixty Miles from Contentment: Traveling in the Nineteenth-Century American Interior (New York: HarperCollins, 1995); Catherine Reef, An Eyewitness History: Working America (New York: Facts on File, 2000), p. 7.
24 “people were settling right under his nose”: Lillian Schlissel, Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Schocken, 1982), p. 20.
25 Statistics on American Indians: Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O‘Con-nor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, p. 175; Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: 1492-Present (New York: HarperCollins, 1999; first Perrenial Classics edition, 2001), p. 125.
26 On the number of Chinese before gold rush: Him Mark Lai, “The United States,” in Lynn Pan, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 261.
26 Information on Afong Moy; “monstrously small”: New York Times, November 12, 1834.
27 Barnum exhibit; twenty thousand spectators: John Kuo Wei Tchen, “Staging Orientalism and Occidentalism: Chang and Eng Bunker and Phineas T. Barnum,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1996 (Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1996), p. 119.
27 A “double-jointed Chinese dwarf Chin Gan”: John Kuo Wei Tchen, New York Before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 97.
27 Details on Chang and Eng Bunker: John Kuo Wei Tchen, “Staging Orientalism and Occidentalism, pp. 93-131; Ruthanne Lum McCunn, ”Chinese in the Civil War: Ten Who Served,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1996; John Kuo Wei Tchen, New York Before Chinatown, pp. 106-13, 134-42; Irving Wallace and Amy Wallace, The Two (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978).
Chapter Three. “Never Fear, and You Will Be Lucky”: Journey and Arrival in San Francisco
29 “Americans are very rich people”: Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih, A Place Called Chinese America (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt