The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [205]
30 three-quarters of a million Chinese men: Robert J. Schwendinger, “Investigating Chinese Immigrant Ships and Sailors,” in Genny Lim, ed., The Chinese American Experience: Papers from the Second National Conference on Chinese American Studies (1980), p. 16. An estimated 250,000 Chinese were shipped to Cuba and 87,000 to Peru between 1847 and 1874, according to Laura L. Wong, “Chinese Immigration and Its Relationship to European Development of Colonies and Frontiers,” in Genny Lim, ed., The Chinese American Experience, p. 37.
30 “without a danger of being hustled”: H. F. MacNair, Modern Chinese History: Selected Readings (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1927), pp. 409-10; Jack Chen, The Chinese of America (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 21.
30-31 Description of coolie trade—the kidnappings and South American conditions: Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (New York: Kodansha America, 1994), pp. 67-69; Madeline Y. Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home, p. 34; John Kuo Wei Tchen, New York Before Chinatown, pp. 49-50. Tchen describes how American shipbuilders created the slave ships used for the coolie trade, and that the guano harvested by the Chinese fertilized the topsoil of Maryland tobacco plantations.
32 forty dollars in gold: Thomas W. Chinn, H. Mark Lai, and Philip P. Choy, eds., A History of the Chinese in California: A Syllabus (San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1969), pp. 14-15; William Speer, An Humble Plea (San Francisco, 1856), p. 7. According to historian Haiming Liu, the trip cost $40-$60 and it took 35 to 45 days to travel from Guangdong to California. (Haiming Liu, ”Between China and America: The Trans-Pacific History of the Chang Family,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 1996.)
32 Travel conditions over Pacific: Jack Chen, The Chinese of America, p. 23; Sylvia Sun Minnick, Samfow: The San Joaquin Chinese Legacy (Fresno, Calif.: Panorama West Publishing, 1988), p. 8; Liping Zhu, A Chinaman’s Chance: The Chinese on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997), p. 24.
32 “The food was different”: Lee Chew, “Life Story of a Chinaman,” p. 289, as cited in Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (New York: Little, Brown, 1989; reprinted by Penguin Books, 1990), p. 68.
33 Libertad: Jack Chen, p. 23.
34 Description of San Francisco before the gold rush: J. Hittel, A History of the City of San Francisco and Incidentally of California (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft and Company, 1878), pp. 398-400; Edward Kemble, “Reminiscences of Early San Francisco,” in Joshua Paddison, ed., A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush (Berkeley, Calif.: Heyday Books, 1999), pp. 309, 315.
34 Description of San Francisco in 1848: Christopher Lee Yip, “San Francisco’s Chinatown: An Architectural and Urban History,” Ph.D. dissertation in architecture, University of California, Berkeley, 1985, p. 11; Joshua Paddison, ed., A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush, p. 311; David E. Eames, San Francisco Street Secrets (Baldwin Park, Calif.: Gem Guides Book Company, 1995), p. 51.
34 boom town of thirty thousand: David E. Eames, p. 44.
34 46 gambling halls, 144 taverns, and 537 places that sold liquor: Ibid., p. 48.
35 “worthy of an Empress”: Lucius Morris Beebe, San Francisco’s Golden Era (Berkeley, Calif.: Howell-North, 1960), p. 12.
35 Women were scarce: David E. Eames, p. 44.
35 92 percent of California was male: Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O’Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, The Oxford History of the American West, p. 815.
35 “Every man thought every woman in that day a beauty”: Curt Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco: An Irreverent History of the City by the Golden Gate (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), p. 33.
35 Information on brothels: Mary Ellen Jones, Daily Life on the Nineteenth-Century American Frontier (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood