The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [206]
36 five murders every six days: David E. Eames, p. 66.
36 “Committee of Vigilance” history: Ibid., pp. 68-78.
36 Description of San Francisco culture: Ibid., p. 66.
37 more than half of the San Francisco population was foreign-born: Julie Joy Jeffrey, p. 143.
Chapter Four. Gold Rushers on Gold Mountain
38 Information on Chinese costumes: Edward Eberstadt, ed., Way Sketches; Containing Incidents of Travel Across the Plains, From St. Joseph to California in 1850, With Letters Describing Life and Conditions in the Gold Region by Lorenzo Sawyer, Later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (New York, 1926), p. 124, as cited in Gunther Barth, Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States 1850-1870 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 114.
39 “allow a couple of Americans to breathe in it”: Gunther Barth, p. 114; San Francisco Herald, November 28, 1857.
39 wonderfully clean”: J. D. Borthwick, Three Years in California, 1851-1854 (Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, 1857 [also Oakland, Calif.: Biobooks, 1949]), p. 44; Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth Century San Francisco (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994), p. 13.
39 “They are quiet”: Vardis Fisher and Opal Laurel Holmes, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1990), p. 272.
39 “It was a mystery”: Ibid., p. 262.
39 forty-pound nugget: Pauline Minke, “Chinese in the Mother Lode (1850-1870),” thesis, California History and Government Adult Education, 1960, Asian American Studies Library, University of California at Berkeley, p. 27. (Later published as book—San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1974.)
40 240-pound nugget: Ibid., p. 27.
40 friendly Shoshone and Bannock Indians: Liping Zhu, A Chinaman’s Chance, p. 28.
40 water wheel: Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretative History (New York: Twayne Publishers [imprint of Simon & Schuster], 1991), p. 29.
40 Tin mining: David Valentine, “Chinese Placer Mining in the United States: An Example from American Canyon, Nevada,” in Susie Lan Cassel, ed., The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Alta Mira Press, 2002), p. 40.
40 Yuba River: Isaac Joslin Cox, Annals of Trinity County (Eugene, Ore.: John Henry Nash of the University of Oregon, 1940), p. 210, as cited in Pauline Minke, p. 26.
40 irrigation ditch from the Carson River to Gold Canyon: Origins & Destinations: 41 Essays on Chinese America / A Joint Project of Chinese Historical Society of Southern California and UCLA Asian American Studies Center (Los Angeles: Chinese Historical Society of Southern California and UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 1994), p. 113; Jack Chen, p. 256.
40 “wailings of a thousand lovelorn cats”: Charles Dobie, San Francisco’s Chinatown (New York and London: D. Appteton-Century Company, 1936), p. 42, as cited in James L. Boyer, “Anti-Chinese Agitation in California, 1851-1904: A Case Study on Traditional Western Behavior,” master of arts thesis, San Francisco State College, p. 112.
41 “About every third Chinaman runs a lottery”: John Hoyt Williams, A Great and Shining Road: The Epic Story of the Transcontinental Railroad (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 99.
41 “We don’t know and don’t care”: Vardis Fisher and Opal Laurel Holmes, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West, p. 262.
41 “He assaulted me without provocation”: Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih, A Place Called Chinese America, p. 6.
41 Information on Joaquin Murieta: Pauline Minke, Chinese in the Mother Lode, pp. 34-35.
42 “their presence here is a great moral and social evil”: Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih, p. 32.
42 “tide of Asiatic immigration”: Roger Daniels, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), p. 35. Original citation: John Bigler, Governor’s Special Message, April 23, 1852, p. 4.
42 Commutation tax: Charles