The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [207]
42 Taxes: Otis Gibson makes reference to a 1876 statement by the Chinese Six Companies which complained that the Chinese paid taxes on personal property, the foreign miner’s tax, $200,000 in annual poll taxes, and more than $2 million in duties to the Custom House of San Francisco. Otis Gibson, The Chinese in America (reprint edition, New York: Arno Press, 1979; original published in 1877 by Hitchcock & Walden in Cincinnati), p. 321.
42 barred from the city hospital: Robert J. Schwendinger, “Investigating Chinese Immigrant Ships and Sailors,” The Chinese American Experience: Papers from the Second National Conference, Chinese American Studies (1980), p. 21.
43 Information on foreign miner’s tax: Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed., “Chink!” A Documentary History of Anti-Chinese Prejudice in America (New York: World Publishing Company, 1972), pp. 4, 11; Charles J. McClain, “California’s First Anti-Chinese Laws,” p. 91; Chen-Yung Fan, “The Chinese Language School of San Francisco in Relation to Family Integration and Cultural Identity,” Ph.D. dissertation in education, Duke University, 1976, p. 44.
43 “I had no money to keep Christmas with”: Charles Dobie, p. 50, as cited in James Boyer, p. 119.
43 tied the Chinese to trees: Pauline Minke, p. 46.
43 “I was sorry to have to stab the poor fellow”: Vardis Fisher and Opal Laurel Holmes, p. 261; Charles Dobie, p. 50.
43 runners to sprint from one village to the next: Pauline Minke, p. 47.
43 Maidu Indians: Gunther Barth, p. 145.
44 “no black or mulatto person”: Charles J. McClain, “California’s First Anti-Chinese Laws,” p. 100.
44 “same type of human species”: Ibid., pp. 101, 140. The full text of Murray’s opinion can be found in Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed., “Chink!,” pp. 3-43.
44 “soon see them at the polls”: Charles J. McClain, “California’s First Anti-Chinese Laws,” p. 101. Also, People v. Hall case file, October 1, 1854, California State Archives, Sacramento.
44 “Any failing to comply”: Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih, A Place Called Chinese America, p. 32.
45 In El Dorado County, white miners torched Chinese tents: Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, Longtime Californ’: A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown (New York: Pantheon, 1972, 1973), p. 37.
45 “opened the way for almost every sort of discrimination against the Chinese”: Elmer Clarence Sandmeyer, The Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991; original edition published in 1939), p. 45.
45 picked over abandoned claims: The historical record suggests that the Chinese miners were extremely thorough. As one contemporary observed, “When a Chinaman gets through going over the diggings with a comb, there ain’t enough gold left to fill a bedbug’s mouth.” Nelson Chia-Chi Ho, “Portland’s Chinatown: The History of an Urban Ethnic District,” in Paul D. Buell, Douglas W. Lee, and Edward Kaplan, eds., The Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest (The National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1984), p. 31.
45 Ah Sam: Autobiography of Charles Peters, pp. 143-45, as cited in Gunther Barth, Bitter Strength, p. 116.
45 dilettante ancestors: For example, interview with Rodney Chow, #149, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.
45 Wong Kee: Sue Fawn Chung, “Destination: Nevada, the Silver Mountain,” Origins & Destinations: 41 Essays on Chinese America, p. 119.
46 First ship to sail from Canton: H. Brett Melendy, Chinese and Japanese Americans (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1984), p. 15; Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, Vol. 7 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1890), p. 336.
46 “two or three ‘Celestials’ ”: San Francisco Star, April 1, 1848.
46 325 Chinese arrived: Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (New York: Little, Brown, 1989; reprinted by Penguin Books, 1990), p. 79.
46 450 in 1850: Ibid., p. 79.
46 90 percent quickly moved to rural