The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [213]
77 eleven out of twelve slipper factories: Chin-Yu Chen, “San Francisco’s Chinatown,” p. 86; Jack Chen, p. 113; Thomas W. Chinn, H. Mark Lai, and Philip P. Choy, p. 51.
77 gleaming with crystal, porcelain, and ivory: Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, p. 102.
77 “It is no uncommon thing to find”: Otis Gibson, p. 54.
78 “there were so many of us”: “Life History and Social Document of Mr. J. S. Look,” Seattle, August 13, 1924, by C. H. Burnett, p. 1.
78 crates found on the street: Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, Longtime Californ’: A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown (New York: Pantheon, 1972), p. 70.
78 slept in shifts: Ibid., p. 69.
78 “scarcely a single ray of light”: Otis Gibson, p. 54.
78 Description of Chinatown informal government: Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, pp. 64-66.
78-79 served as unofficial ambassadors: Chin-Yu Chen, p. 35.
79 own guild in San Francisco: Jack Chen, p. 28.
79 Kong Chow Association: Christopher Lee Yip, “San Francisco’s Chinatown: An Architectural and Urban History,” Ph.D. dissertation in architecture, University of California at Berkeley, 1985, p. 37.
79 split into two groups: Ibid., p. 37.
79 offices in prominent neighborhoods: Ibid., p. 94.
79 Description of services of the Six Companies: Chin-Yu Chen, pp. 34, 37.
79 house of worship: B. Lloyd, Lights and Shades in San Francisco (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft and Company, 1876), pp. 272-74; Pauline Minke, “Chinese in the Mother Lode (1850-1870),” thesis, California History and Government Adult Education, 1960, Asian American Studies Library, University of California at Berkeley.
80 Description of funerals and burials: Linda Sun Crowder, “Mortuary Practices in San Francisco Chinatown,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1999, pp. 33-46; Sylvia Sun Minnick, Samfow, p. 292; B. Lloyd, p. 367, and San Francisco Daily Alta California, September 1, 1868, April 4, 1868, and June 1, 1867, as cited in Christopher Lee Yip, pp. 109-13. As late as 1992, 1,300 sets of bones were still warehoused in San Francisco for future shipment to China (Chin-Yu Chen, p. 18); Sandy Lydon, Chinese Gold, pp. 131-32.
81 “Tonight we pledge ourselves”: Lynn Pan, p. 20.
81 Description of mui tsai: Judy Yung, Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 37-39.
81 “death was all around them”: Elizabeth Cooper, My Lady of the Chinese Courtyard (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1914), pp. 13-14, as cited in Benson Tong, p. 18.
82 “Mother was crying”: Victor and Brett de Bary Nee, p. 84.
82 “grand, free country”: “Story of Wong Ah So.” Major Document 146, Box 26, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University. Wong Ah So was later rescued by Donaldina Cameron, converted to Christianity, learned how to read and write English, and married a Chinese merchant in Boise, Idaho. In 1933, she wrote to Cameron to report that one of her daughters would graduate from the University of Washington, where she was studying bacteriology.
82 “devil American prison”: Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women, p. 57.
82 Quick-witted girls managed to escape their fate: Ibid., pp. 58-59.
83 audiences that included police officers: Ibid., p. 69.
83 a Chinese theater or even a Chinese temple: Ibid., p. 70.
83 Description of parlor houses and cribs: Stephen Longstreet, ed., Nell Kimball: The Life As an American Madam by Herself (New York: Macmillan, 1970), pp. 226-27; Herbert Ashbury, The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underground (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1933), pp. 174-76; Judy Yung, pp. 27-30.
83 “Two bittee lookee”: Judy Yung, Unbound Feet, p. 29.
84 both feet frozen: Huping Ling, Surviving on the Gold Mountain: A History of Chinese American Women and Their Lives (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), p. 57.
84 “Chiney ladies”: Ibid., p. 57.
84 nailed shut inside a crate: Ibid., p. 57
84 leased them out to local garment factories to sew by