The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [224]
Chapter Eleven. A New Generation Is Born
173 100,686 men and 4,779 women: 1880 U.S. Census.
173 seven Chinese men for every Chinese woman: Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih, A Place Called Chinese America, p. 173. According to the 1920 U.S. Census, there were 53,891 Chinese males and 7,748 Chinese females.
174 only about one hundred fifty Chinese women: Origins & Destinations, p. 89.
174 not a single Chinese woman: Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, Longtime Californ’, p. 25; Jack Chen, The Chinese of America, p. 176.
175 “My parents wanted us to become professionals”: Interview with Herbert Leong, interview #141, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project, sponsored by the Asian American Studies Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Chinese Historical Society of Southern California.
175 “You can make a million dollars”: Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, p. 151.
175 “baboons”: Victor Low, The Unimpressible Race, p. 15.
175 shut down a public school for Chinese children: Victor Low, p. 14.
175 segregate Asians, American Indians, and blacks: Ibid., pp. 20-21. For instance, the 1864 School Law stated, “Negroes, Mongolians, and Indians shall not be admitted into the public schools; provided, that upon the application of the parents or guardians of ten or more such colored children, made in writing to the Trustees of any such district, said Trustees shall establish a separate school for the education of Negroes, Mongolians, and Indians, and use the public school funds for the support of the same.”
176 new California state law granted separate public education for blacks and Indians: Ibid., pp. 26-27.
176 Chinese children were the only racial group to be denied a state-funded education: Victor Low, pp. 37, 49.
176 “the association of Chinese and white children”: Judy Yung, Unbound Feet, p. 48.
176 “filthy or vicious habits”: Victor Low, p. 50.
176 “dangerous to the well-being of the state”: Ibid., p. 60.
176 rather go to jail: Ibid., p. 61.
177 adopted a resolution: Ibid., p. 61.
177 punish the board members with contempt citations: Ibid., p. 63.
177 “urgency provision”: Ibid., p. 66.
177 “May you Mr. Moulder”: Ibid., p. 71. The letter, dated April 8, 1885, was published in the San Francisco Daily Alta California newspaper on April 16, 1885.
177 Lum Gong: James Loewen, pp. 65-68; Sucheng Chan, p. 58.
177 A few Chinese American children managed to find ways to attend Caucasian schools: In places like San Jose, California, and Hawaii, Chinese American children were integrated into white schools. There, the law stipulated that they could attend white schools as long as no white parents complained. Darlene T. Chan, “San Jose’s Old Chinatown, Heinlenville, 1850-1930: A Historical Study,” Ph.D. dissertation in education, University of San Francisco, 1994, p. 26.
178 a group of white parents at Washington Grammar School: Victor Low, pp. 109-10.
178 a Chinese boy graduated at the top of his class: Author interview with Sam Chu Lin, November 2002; Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed., “Chink!,” p. 147.
179 “I remember rushing home from school”: Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Chinese American Portraits, p. 133.
179 Bernice Leung: Interview with Bernice Leung, interview #137, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.
179 “I was brought up purely Caucasian”: Huping Ling, Surviving on the Gold Mountain, p. 78. Original citation: Arthur Dong, Forbidden City, U.S.A., color video, 56 minutes, 1989, in The American Experience.
179 “There was endless discussion”: Victor Wong, ”Childhood II,“ in Nick Harvey, ed., Ting: The Caldron: Chinese Art and Identity in San Francisco (San Francisco: Glide Urban Center, 1970), p. 71.
180 “We have never lived in Chinatown”: “Interview with Lillie Leung,” by Wm. C. Smith, Los Angeles, August 12, 1924. Major Document #76, Box 25, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.
180 “Well, you read all right”: ”Story of a Chinese College Girl,” p. 4, Major Document 54,