The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [223]
163 Chow mein: Imogene L. Lim and John Eng-Wong, “Chow Mein Sandwiches: Chinese American Entrepreneurship in Rhode Island,” Origins & Destinations, pp. 417-35; Peter Kwong, The New Chinatown (New York: Hill and Wang, 1987, first edition, and 1996, revised edition), p. 34.
163 David Jung: Chicago Tribune, February 17, 1988.
164 “as a rule Caucasians”: Tan Fuyuan, The Science of Oriental Medicine, Diet and Hygiene (Los Angeles, 1902), p. 11, as cited in Haiming Liu, “Between China and America,” Ph.D. thesis provided to author, p. 96.
164 Hu Yunxiao: Haiming Liu, p. 89.
164 ran advertisements in English-language newspapers: Ibid., p. 94.
164 twenty-eight Chinese herb doctors: International Chinese Business Directory Co., Inc., Wong Kin, President, International Chinese Business Directory for the World for the Year 1913 (San Francisco, 1913). As cited in Haiming Liu, p. 90.
164 Chang Yitang: Haiming Liu, pp. 97-99.
165 believes he invented those credentials: Louise Leung Larson, Sweet Bamboo: Saga of a Chinese American Family (Los Angeles: Chinese Historical Society of Southern California, 1990), p. 19.
166 “The [more] he was arrested”: Ibid., p. 71.
166 Joe Shoong: Thomas W. Chinn, Bridging the Pacific, pp. 185-86; “Joe Shoong, Chinese Merchant King, Dies,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 15, 1961; Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore, p. 252.
166 “the richest, best-known Chinese businessman”: Time, March 28, 1938, p. 56.
166 Ray Joe: Oral history conducted by Sam Chu Lin and provided to author.
166 “I sleep on two trucks pulled together for bed”: Ibid.
167 kept a stick in their stores: James W. Loewen, p. 33.
167 earn on average twice the white median income: Ibid., p. 53.
168 almost 30 percent of all employed Chinese worked in laundries: Betty Lee Sung, The Story of the Chinese in America (New York: Collier, 1971), p. 188.
168 out of a total of 45,614 Chinese workers, 12,559 were laundry people: Asians in America: Selected Student Papers. Asian American Research Project, University of California at Davis, Working Publication #3, p. 31.
168 scrub board, soap, and an iron: Betty Lee Sung, p. 190.
168 “In the old days, some of those fellows were really ignorant”: Paul C. P. Siu, Chinese Laundryman: A Study of Social Isolation (New York: New York University Press, 1987), p. 52.
168 charged at least 15 percent less: Interview with Danny Moy, New York Chinatown History Project, archived in Museum of Chinese in the Americas, 70 Mulberry Street, New York City.
169 “My father used to joke”: Judith Luk oral history interview with Tommy Tom, assistant manager of Wah Kue wet wash, January 9, 1981, New York Chinatown History Project, Museum of Chinese in the Americas, New York.
169 “I heard that some of them used a string to hang a piece of bread from the ceiling”: Renqiu Yu, To Save China, to Save Ourselves, p. 26.
169 “In China in the old days”: Interview with Loy Wong, April 26, 1982, New York Chinatown History Project, Museum of Chinese in the Americas, New York.
169 “became like balls”: Ruthanne Lum McCunn, p. 155.
169 in the thirty-eight years she worked in a laundry, she left it only three times: Yen Le Espiritu, Asian American Women and Men, p. 38.
169-70 “Some of these old-timers”: James Dao interview with Andy Eng, manager of the Wing Gong laundry, New York Chinatown History Project, Museum of Chinese in the Americas.
170 enjoyed an astounding 90 percent literacy rate: Renqiu Yu, p. 38.
170 yishanguan: Renqiu Yu, p. 28.
170 1920s correspondence between Hsiao Teh Seng: Translated by Paul C. P. Siu and archived in the Ernest Burgess Papers, Regenstein Library Special Collections, University of Chicago. An excellent description of these letters can be found in Adam McKeown, “Chinese Migrants Among Ghosts: Chicago, Peru and Hawaii: The Early Twentieth Century,” Ph.D. dissertation in history, University of Chicago, 1997, pp. 80-86.
172 L. C. Tsung’s The Marginal Man: Jack