The Crash Course - Chris Martenson [143]
4. Aart Kraay, “Household Saving in China,” World Bank Economic Review, September 2000. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2001/02/10/000094946_0101300532131/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf (accessed October 27, 2010).
5. “Plutarch.” BrainyQuote.com, Xplore Inc, 2010. www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/p/plutarch109440.html (accessed October 27, 2010).
6. “Dire Outcomes Predicted for Municipal Pension Systems.” Kellogg School of Management. www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/News_Articles/2010/municipal-pension-systems.aspx (accessed October 27, 2010).
7. Steven Greenhut, “Vallejo’s Painful Lessons in Municipal Bankruptcy,” The Wall Street Journal, March 26, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703625304575115551578762006.html (accessed September 7, 2010).
8. Jonathan Stempel, “Corporate America Faces Big Pension Shortfalls.” Reuters, January 8, 2009. www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0854172520090108 (accessed September 7, 2010).
9. Laurence Kotlikoff, “U.S. Is Bankrupt and We Don’t Even Know It.” Bloomberg News, August 10, 2010. www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-11/u-s-is-bankrupt-and-we-don-t-even-know-commentary-by-laurence-kotlikoff.html (accessed September 7, 2010).
10. Ibid.
Chapter 15: Energy and the Economy
1. Eric Beinhocker, Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006), 68.
2. Ibid., 9 and 11.
3. Mark Buchanan, Ubiquity: Why Catastrophes Happen (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001).
4. Brad DeLong, “Estimating World GDP,” May 24, 1998. www.j-bradford-delong.net/TCEH/1998_Draft/World_GDP/Estimating_World_GDP.html (accessed November 3, 2010).
5. Thom Hartmann, Last Hours of Ancient Sunlight, Revised and Updated: The Fate of the World and What We Can Do Before It’s Too Late (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004): 12–13.
6. Ibid.
7. C.J. Cleveland, “Net Energy from Oil and Gas Extraction in the United States, 1954–1997,” Energy 30 (2005): 769–782.
8. “Salazar Reforms Oil Shale Program—Department of Interior News Release,” Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, October 20, 2009. www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/oilshale_2.html (accessed October 27, 2010).
9. Nate Hagens, “Unconventional Oil: Tar Sands and Shale Oil—EROI on the Web, Part 3 of 6.” Oil Drum, April 15, 2008. www.theoildrum.com/node/3839 (accessed November 8, 2010).
10. Cutler J. Cleveland and Peter O’Connor, “An Assessment of the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Oil Shale,” Western Resource Advocates. www.westernresourceadvocates.org/land/pdf/oseroireport.pdf (accessed September 7, 2010).
11. Cutler J. Cleveland, et al., “Energy and the U.S. Economy: A Biophysical Perspective,” Science (New Series) 225:4665 (Aug. 31, 1984), 890–897.
12. Daniela Russi, “An Integrated Assessment of a Large-Scale Biodiesel Production in Italy: Killing Several Birds with One Stone?” Energy Policy 36 (2008): 1169–1180.
13. H. Shapouri, et al., “The 2001 Net Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol,” USDA Office of the Chief Economist, July 14, 2004. www.brdisolutions.com/Site%20Docs/Net_Energy_Balance_of_Corn_Ethanol_Shapouri.pdf. (accessed November 8, 2010).
14. D. Pimentel and Tad Patzek, “Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass, and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower,” Natural Resources Research, 14:1 (March 2005): 65–76.
15. Robert Rapier, “Understanding EROEI,” R-Squared Energy Blog. http://robertrapier.wordpress.com/2008/03/05/understanding-eroei/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
16. Ida Kubiszewski, et al., Meta-Analysis of Net Energy Return for Wind Power Systems, Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 218–225.
17. 1 Gallon of Gas = 124,262 BTUs
Source: www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_energy_conversion_calculator-basics.
3,412 BTUs = 1 KWh
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Mgt.
1 Gallon of Gas = 36.4 KWh
(124,262 BTUs in a gallon of gas divided by 3,412 BTUs in 1 KWh)
Human work (sustained): 74 Watts/Hour (agricultural work) to 100