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example of the collaboration that was used for fundraising see William Bennett, Joe Lierberman, and C. DeLores Tucker, “Rap Rubbish,” USA Today, 6 June 1996, p. A13, which ends with a toll-free telephone number. Those of us who dialed it got a recording that invited us to press 1 for information about the dangers of rap music, 2 for literature on a flat-rate tax proposal, or 3 to contribute money to Empower America. On political alliances against rap see Leola Johnson, “Silencing Gangsta Rap,” Temple Political& Civil Rights Law Review (October, 1993): no pages listed.

36 George F. Will, “America’s Slide into the Sewer,” Newsweek, 30 July 1990, p. 64; Henry Louis Gates, Jr., “2 Live Crew, Decoded,” New York Times, 19 June 1990, p. A23. “Laughing” quote in Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Beyond Racism and Misogyny,” in M. Matusda et al., Words That Wound (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 111-32. See also James Jones, “Gangsta Rap Reflects an Urban Jungle,” USA Today, 2 January 1991, p. D13; Hinckley, “Rap Takes the Rap,” p. 33; Nelson George, HipHop America (New York: Viking, 1998).

37 Crenshaw, “Beyond Racism.” On the extent of sexism in rap and internal dialogues among rappers about the matter see Tricia Rose, Black Noise (Hanover, NH: Weslyan University Press, 1994), and Tricia Rose’s review of A Sister Without Sisters by Sister Souljah, Women’s Review of Books, June 1995, pp. 21-22. On overt homophobia and covert homoeroticism in rap see Touré, “Hiphop’s Closet,” Village Voice, 27 August 1996, pp. 59, 66. On the racist subtext in attacks on rap see Amy Binder, “Constructing racial rhetoric,” American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 753-67; Tricia Rose, “Rap Music and the Demonization of Young Black Males,” USA Today Magazine, May 1994, pp. 35—36; Jon Pareles, “On Rap Symbolism and Fear,” New York Times, 2 February 1992, p. B1; Todd Boyd, “Woodstock Was Whitestock,” Chicago Tribune, 28 August 1994, p. 36.

38 On Dole’s remarks see Linda Stasi’s column, New York Daily News, 5 June 1995, p. 3; “Dole Blasts ‘Depravity’ in Film, Music,” Facts on File World News Digest, 8 June 1995.

39 Edward G. Armstrong, “The Rhetoric of Violence in Rap and Country Music,” Sociological Inquiry 63 (1993): 64-83; John Hamerlinck, “Killing Women: A Pop-Music Tradition,” Humanist 55 (1995): 23.

40 Milwaukee and Texas incidents: Rogers Worthington, “Gangsta Rap Blamed for Cop’s Killing,” Chicago Tribune, 10 September 1994, p. 4; Elizabeth Sanger, “Change of Venue for Gangsta Rap Debate,” Newsday, 28 June 1995, p. 31; Chuck Philips, “Texas Death Renews Debate over Violent Rap Lyrics,” Los Angeles Times, 17 September 1992, p. A1; Jon Pareles, “Tupac Shakur, 25, Rap Performer Who Personified Violence, Dies,” New York Times, 14 September 1996, pp. A1, 34. Other headline: David Van Biema, “’What Goes ‘Round ...’ ,” Time, 23 September 1996, p. 40. Tucker continued to take on Shakur after his death: Johnnie Roberts, “Grabbing at a Dead Star,” Newsweek, 1 September 1997, p. 48.

41 Ford and Cash songs quoted in Armstrong, “Rhetoric of Violence.”

42 Quoted in “Obituary: Tupac Shakur,” TheEconomist, 21 September 1996.

43 Songs quoted in Christopher Farley, “From the Driver’s Side,” Time, 30 September 1996, p. 70; Donnell Alexander, “Do Thug Niggaz Go to Heaven?” Village Voice, 20 September 1996, p. 51.

44 Worthington, “Gangsta Rap”; Natasha Stovall, “Death Row,” Village Voice, 24 September 1996, pp. 29-30 (contains definition of “THUG LIFE”); Chuck Philips, “Q & A with Tupac Shakur,” Los Angeles Times, 25 October 1995, p. F1. Songs quoted in Armstrong, “Rhetoric of Violence.” Pereles quote from “Tupac Shakur.” On rap being blamed see also Jon Pareles, “On Rap, Symbolism and Fear,” New York Times, 2 February 1992, p. B1.

45 Kenneth Carroll, “A Rap Artist’s Squandered Gift,” Washington Post National Edition, 30 September 1996, p. 25; Ernest Hardy, “Do Thug Niggaz Go to Heaven,” L.A. Weekly, 20 September 1996, p. 51. On the content and purposes of gangsta rap see also Eric Watts, “Gangsta Rap as Cultural Commodity,” Communication Studies 48 (1997):