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46 “All Eyes on Him,” Vibe, February 1996.

47 Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952), p. 1.

Chapter Six

1 On the importance and persistence of combined fearmongering by presidents and the media about drugs see William Elwood, Rhetoric in the War on Drugs (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), and Eva Bertram et al., Drug War Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).

2 Bertram et al., Drug War Politics, p. 107; Glenn Frankel, “The Longest War,” Washington Post National Edition, 7 July 1997, pp. 6-8; Mack Reed, “Teenage Addiction Escalates,” Los Angeles Times, 22 September 1996, p. B1; Christopher Wren, “At Drug Summit, Clinton Asks Nations to Set Aside Blame,” New York Times, 9 June 1998, p. A6.

3 Drug problem statistic: Daniel Greenfield, Prescription Drug Abuse and Dependence (Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 1994); physician statistic: Dan Weikel, “Prescription Fraud,” Los Angeles Times, 18 August 1996, p. A1; DEA: ABC, “Primetime Live,” 27 May 1993; budget statistic: “When It Comes to Drugs, Legal Doesn’t Mean Safe,” Los Angeles Times, 25 August 1996, p. M4. See also Christopher Wren, “Many Women 60 and Older Abuse Alcohol and Prescribed Drugs,” New York Times, 5 June 1998, p. A10.

4 Edward Jay Epstein, Agency of Fear (London and New York: Verso, 1990), pp. 61, 165-72.

5 Elwood, Rhetoric in the War on Drugs, chs. 2 and 3 (Reagan quote on p. 45); Bertram et al., Drug War Politics, pp. 110-16; William Gonzenbach, “A Time-Series Analysis of the Drug Issue,” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 4 (1992): 126-47.

6 David Fan, “News Media Framing Sets Public Opinion That Drugs Is the Country’s Most Important Problem,” Substance Use andMisuse31 (1996): 1413-21.

7 Availability heuristic: Russell Eisenman, “Belief That Drug Usage in the U.S. Is Increasing When It Is Really Decreasing,” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 31 (1993): 249-52; Karen Frost, Erica Frank et al., “Relative Risk in the News Media,” American Journal ofPublicHealth 87 (1997): 842-45. Disjuncture between drug-abuse patterns and coverage: Craig Reinarman and Harry Levine, “The Crack Attack,” in C. Reinarman and H. Levine, eds., Crack in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 18-51; Jimmie Reeves and Richard Campbell, Cracked Coverage (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), see esp. ch. 9; James Orcutt and J. B. Turner, “Shocking Numbers and Graphic Accounts,” Social Problems 40 (1993): 190-206. Bush quote: Elwood, Rhetoric in the War on Drugs, p. 41.

8 Elwood, Rhetoric in the War on Drugs, pp. 40-42, 71-72 (contains Dowd quote); Reinarman and Levine, “Crack Attack.”

9 Reinarman and Levine, “Crack Attack”; Elliott Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities, and the American Future (New York: Hill & Wang, 1993); Jeff Leen, “A Shot in the Dark on Drug Use?” Washington Post National Edition, 12 January 1998, pp. 32-33; Elwood, Rhetoric in the War on Drugs, p. 39 (contains addiction statistics).

10 Peter Kwong, The New Chinatown (New York: Hill & Wang, 1996); Ed Knipe, Culture, Society and Drugs (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1995), chs. 6 and 10; H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), ch. 4; Thomas Szasz, Ceremonial Chemistry (New York: Anchor, 1974) (contains Gompers quote).

11 Diana Gordon, The Return of the Dangerous Classes (New York: Norton, 1994), p. 25.

12 Reeves and Campbell, Cracked Coverage; Reinarman and Levine, “Crack Attack,” pp. 21—22.

13 Michael Tonry, Malign Neglect (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Reinarman and Levine, eds., Crack in America, chs. 11 and 13; Natalie Hopkinson, “Crack Case Puts Fairness on Trial,” Atlanta Journaland Constitution, 27 February 1996, p. 1; Michael Massing, “Crime and Drugs: The New Myths,” New York Review ofBooks,1 February 1996, pp. 16-20; Carl Rowan, “Racism in Drug Sentencing Laws Puts Black America Behind Bars,” Chicago Sun-Times, 10 November 1995; Maxine Waters, “Confronting the Realities of Public Policy Gone Wrong,” Tikkun 12 (September 1997): 31-32.

14 National