The Dirt on Clean - Katherine Ashenburg [109]
58 St. Jerome: Joyce E. Salisbury, Church Fathers, Independent Virgins (London: Verso, 1991), 35.
59 His dear friend Paula: Elizabeth A. Clark, Jerome, Chrysostom, and Friends: Essays and Translations (New York: Edward Mellen Press, 1979), 58.
59 Particularly in the East: Yegül, Baths and Bathing, 318.
59 “the washing of regeneration”: Palladius, Chrysostom, 35.
59 St. Agnes: McLaughlin, Coprophilia, 11.
60 Godric: Mary-Ann Stouck, Medieval Saints (New York: Broadview, 1999), 66.
61 St. Francis: Reynolds, Cleanliness and Godliness, 2.
61 St. Olympias … her “immaterial body”: “Life of Olympias,” trans. and ed. Elizabeth Clark, in Clark, Jerome, Chrysostom, 127–42, esp. 129, 137–38, 139–40.
62 St. Radegund: Jo Ann McNamara and John E. Halborg, eds. and trans., Sainted Women of the Dark Ages (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992), 454.
64 In the sixth century: Yegül, Baths and Bathing, 319–20.
64 In Italy and the western part: Yegül, Baths and Bathing, 321, 315.
65 The Romans thought: Constance Classen, David Howes and Anthony Synnot, Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell (New York: Routledge, 1994), 51.
65 The baths lasted longer: Yegül, Baths and Bathing, 321, 326, 329, 350–51.
66 They devised complicated: Paul B. Newman, Daily Life in the Middle Ages (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001), 140.
67 they performed their ablutions: Hans-Werner Goetz, Life in the Middle Ages from the Seventh to the Thirteenth Century trans. Albert Wimmer, ed. Steven Towan (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1993), 102.
67 The Rule of St. Benedict: The Rule of St. Benedict, trans. Cardinal Gasquet (London: Chatto and Windus, 1925), 69.
67 The baths taken: C. H. Lawrence, Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London: Longman, 1989), 119–20; Jeffrey Singman, Daily Life in Medieval Europe (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 159.
69 A niddah: Rahel R. Wasserfall, “Introduction: Menstrual Blood into Jewish Blood,” in Women and Water: Menstruation in Jewish Life and Law, ed. Rahel R. Wasserfall (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1999), 4–6.
69 The mikveh had other uses: Therese and Mendel Metzger, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages: Illuminated Hebrew Manuscripts of the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Centuries (Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell, 1982), 75.
69 The niddah, including her hair: Tirzah Meacham (leBeit Yoreh), “An Abbreviated History of the Development of the Jewish Menstrual Laws,” in Wasserfall, Women and Water, 34; Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Purity, Piety, and Polemic: Medieval Rabbinic Denunciations of ‘Incorrect’ Purification Practices,” in Wasserfall, Women and Water, 84–85.
70 all Jews were commanded: Hoss, Baths and Bathing, dedication page (unnumbered), 68; Metzger, Jewish Life, 75–76.
70 Arab Spain … destroy the Moorish baths: Erna Paris, The End of Days: A Story of Tolerance, Tyranny, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (Toronto: Lester, 1995), 40; John A. Crow, Spain: The Root and the Flower (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 32–34, 61.
MARGINALIA IN CHAPTER TWO
50 St. Jerome: Yegül, Baths and Bathing, 314.
51 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 2:526.
55 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 1:569.
56 Hoss, Baths and Bathing, 85.
57 Sissinius: Hoss, Baths and Bathing, 88.
58 Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 15, 5; McNamara and Halborg, Sainted Women, 109.
59 Fernando Henriques, Prostitution and Society (New York: Grove Press, 1966), 16.
61 William Dalrymple, From the Holy Mountain: A Journey in the Shadow of Byzantium (London, HarperCollins, 1997), 326.
64 Fagan, Bathing in Public, 320–21.
67 Christopher Brooke, The Monastic World, 1000–1300 (London: Elek, 1974), 69.
70 Jean de Blainville, Travels through Holland, Germany, Switzerland, but Especially Italy (London: John