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1. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York, 1970), 94.

2. J. W. Taylor to Salmon P. Chase, February 7, 1854, Salmon P. Chase Papers, LC.

3. Lewis E. Lehrman, Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2008), 37–38; Herbert Mitgang, ed., Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait (Chicago, 1971), 141–42.

4. CW, 2: 514; Joseph F. Newton, Lincoln and Herndon (Cedar Rapids, 1910), 82–83.

5. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 1: 370; Lehrman, Lincoln at Peoria, 33–44; CW, 2: 226–33; Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words (New York, 2006), 37.

6. CW, 2: 247–81; Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana, Ill., 1961), 284.

7. Mitgang, Abraham Lincoln: Press Portrait, 71.

8. CW, 4: 67; Jacques Barzun, On Writing, Editing, and Publishing: Essays Explorative and Hortatory (Chicago, 1971), 57–73; Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants (Urbana, Ill., 1998), 508; Joseph Logsdon, Horace White, Nineteenth Century Liberal (Westport, Conn., 1971), 21–22.

9. Ronald C. White, A. Lincoln: A Biography (New York, 2009), 198; CW, 2: 500; 4: 240–41.

10. Richard Beeman, Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the U. S. Constitution (New York, 2009), 217–25.

11. Robert Fanuzzi, Abolition’s Public Sphere (Minneapolis, 2003), xvi, 7–12; Foner, Free Soil, 83–84; CG, 31st Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 469–71; Merrill D. Peterson, The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind (New York, 1960), 199–203; Speech of O. H. Browning, Delivered at the Republican Mass Meeting, Springfield, Ill., August 8, 1860 (Quincy, 1860), 5–8; Patrick W. Riddleberger, George Washington Julian: Radical Republican (Indianapolis, 1966), 127; CG, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 731.

12. John C. Hammond, Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West (Charlottesville, 2007), 1–7, 24–30; Peterson, Jeffersonian Image, 195, 216; Beeman, Plain, Honest Men, 213–15; John C. Miller, The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery (New York, 1977), 123, 143–45, 221–40; Lacy Ford, “Reconfiguring the Old South: ‘Solving’ the Problem of Slavery, 1787–1838,” JAH, 95 (June 2008), 106; Merrill D. Peterson, ed., Thomas Jefferson: Writings (New York, 1984), 1343–46.

13. CW, 2: 492, 514; James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York, 2007), 70–72; C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers (5 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1985–93), 5: 91.

14. CW, 2: 499–501; 3: 404; Graham A. Peck, “Abraham Lincoln and the Triumph of an Antislavery Nationalism,” JALA, 28 (Summer 2007), 2–6.

15. Douglass’ Monthly, 3 (June 1860), 274; CW, 2: 282; New York Tribune, March 17, 1854.

16. Foner, Free Soil, 126–28, 237–39.

17. Foner, Free Soil, 193–95; Richmond Enquirer in Ohio State Journal, April 19, 1854; Frederick W. Seward, Seward at Washington (2 vols.; New York, 1891), 1: 120; New York Times, May 29, 1854; New York Tribune, November 9, 1854.

18. David Davis to Julius Rockwell, July 15, 1854, David Davis Papers, ALPLM; Paul Selby, “Republican State Convention, Springfield, Ill., October 4–5, 1854,” Transactions of the McLean County Historical Society, 3 (1900), 43–47; William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (New York, 1987), 84, 123–24; CW, 2: 288.

19. Chicago Democratic Press, August 30, 1854; Gienapp, Origins, 125; Edward Magdol, Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress (New Brunswick, N.J., 1967), 116–17.

20. Don E. Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s (Stanford, 1962), 37; Horace White to Abraham Lincoln, October 25, 1854, ALP.

21. CW, 2: 288–92, 304; Thomas J. Henderson to Lincoln, December 11, 1854; Augustus Adams to Lincoln, December 17, 1854, both in ALP.

22. Magdol, Owen Lovejoy, 118–20; Charles H. Ray to Elihu B. Washburne, December 24, 1854, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, LC; CW, 2: 293; Washburne to Lincoln, December 26, 1854, ALP; Washburne