The Fiery Trial_ Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery - Eric Foner [230]
47. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), 234; CW, 2: 121; 3: 478–79; 4: 24; Mildred A. Beik, Labor Relations (Westport, Conn., 2005), 41–42.
48. New York Times, April 7, 1854; Roy F. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 43.
49. CP, 3: 20–21; CW, 3: 437; 4: 16, 24.
50. CG, 36th Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 282; A. L. Robinson to Salmon P. Chase, November 30, 1857, Salmon P. Chase Papers, LC; Hans L. Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio (New York, 1963), 119, 311–12; Minutes of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio (Columbus, Ohio, 1851), 23; Speech of Hon. William H. Seward at Jackson, October 4, 1856 (n.p., 1856), 12–13; Baker, Works of William H. Seward, 1: 56; Dorothy Ross, “‘Are We a Nation?’ The Conjuncture of Nationhood and Race in the United States, 1850–1876,” Modern Intellectual History, 2 (November 2005), 327–60.
51. CG, 35th Congress, 2nd Session, 1006; Foner, Free Soil, 264–67.
52. Foner, Free Soil, 290–92; New York Tribune, January 17, 1851; Ohio State Journal, May 22, 1857.
53. Foner, Free Soil, 281–84; CP, 1: 201–2, 239; Paul Finkelman, “Prelude to the Fourteenth Amendment: Black Legal Rights in the Antebellum North,” Rutgers Law Journal, 17 (Spring and Summer 1986), 427.
54. Hartford Courant, March 13, 1860; CG, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 1910.
55. African Repository, 29 (April 1853), 106–7; Foner, Free Soil, 286; Linda Hartman, “The Issue of Freedom in Illinois under Gov. Richard Yates, 1861–1865,” JISHS, 57 (Autumn 1964), 293; Great Speech of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, On the Issues of the Day (Chicago, 1858), 13; Eugene H. Berwanger, The Frontier against Slavery: Western Anti-Negro Prejudice and the Slavery Extension Controversy (Urbana, Ill., 1967), 124–32; A. N. Ballinger to Lyman Trumbull, February 16, 1860, LTP.
56. For an introduction to the voluminous literature on Lincoln and race, see Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York, 1962); Arthur Zilversmit, “Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations,” Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 2 (1980), 21–45; Lerone Bennett, Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream (Chicago, 2000) (which claims, on p. 66, that “racism was the center and circumference of his being”); George M. Fredrickson, ‘Big Enough to be Inconsistent’: Slavery and Race in the Thought and Politics of Abraham Lincoln (Cambridge, Mass., 2008); Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Donald Yacovone, eds., Lincoln on Race and Slavery (Princeton, 2009); and James Oakes, “Natural Rights, Citizenship Rights, States’ Rights, and Black Rights: Another Look at Lincoln and Race,” in Eric Foner, ed., Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World (New York, 2008), 109–34. George M. Fredrickson discusses the burgeoning literature on race during the 1850s in The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (New York, 1971), 71–129,
57. CW, 3: 20, 28–29, 317; Bennett, Forced into Glory, 14, 90–100; David Mearns, The Lincoln Papers (2 vols.; Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 1: 169.
58. CW, 2: 132, 157, 520.
59. Richard E. Hart, “Springfield’s African-Americans as a Part of the Lincoln Community,” JALA, 20 (Winter 1999), 35–36, 45; Kenneth J. Winkle, The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln (Dallas, 2001), 262–66; Kenneth J. Winkle, “‘Paradox Though it may Seem’: Lincoln on Antislavery, Race, and Union, 1837–1860,” in Brian Dirck, ed., Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race (DeKalb,