The Fiery Trial_ Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery - Eric Foner [237]
11. Pierce, Emancipation and Citizenship, 24–25; OR, ser. 2, 1: 750, 755; Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler during the Period of the Civil War (5 vols.; Norwood, Mass., 1917), 1: 112–13.
12. Private and Official Correspondence, 1: 116–17, 183–88; Montgomery Blair to Benjamin F. Butler, May 30, 1861, Benjamin F. Butler Papers, LC; Cleveland Gazette, May 30, 1861; New York Herald, May 31, 1861; OR, ser. 2, 1: 754–55; Meltzer and Holland, Lydia Maria Child, 401–2.
13. William E. Gienapp, “Abraham Lincoln and Presidential Leadership,” in James M. McPherson, ed., “We Cannot Escape History”: Lincoln and the Last Best Hope of Earth (Urbana, Ill., 1995), 71–73; CW, 4: 421–41; Philip S. Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 81–82.
14. Wainwright, Philadelphia Perspective, 396; Springfield Weekly Republican, June 22, 1861; Henry F. Brownson, ed., The Works of Orestes A. Brownson (20 vols.; Detroit, 1882–87), 17: 143; Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War (New York, 2007), 40–41; CW, 4: 421–41. This, it is worth noting, was one of the very few times in his career that Lincoln used the word “democracy” other than to refer to the rival political party, the Democracy. Almost always, Lincoln spoke not of democracy but self-government.
15. Douglass’ Monthly, 4 (August 1861), 497; New York Herald, July 7 and 9, 1861; Harper’s Weekly, July 6, 1861.
16. CG, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 24, 32.
17. CG, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 222, 265; William E. Gienapp, Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America (New York, 2002), 88; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress (2 vols.; Norwich, Conn., 1884), 1: 341; Michael S. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War (New York, 2004), 145.
18. Harper’s Weekly, August 17, 1861; CG, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 119, 141, 143, 186, 190; Garrett Davis to Lincoln, August 4, 1861, ALP.
19. Siddali, From Property to Person, 3; New York Times, June 1, 1861; CG, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 217–19; Blaine, Twenty Years, 341–43; George P. Sanger, ed., The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, vol. 12 (Boston, 1863), 319. The Confederacy had already acted to confiscate debts due to northerners. In response to the Union’s Confiscation Act, the Confederate Congress authorized the seizure of all property of enemy aliens, which included citizens of the United States and southerners loyal to the Union. Daniel W. Hamilton, The Limits of Sovereignty: Property Confiscation in the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War (Chicago, 2007), 86–92.
20. CG, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 412; Siddali, From Property to Person, 78–81; Robert Fabrikant, “Emancipation and the Proclamation: Of Contrabands, Congress, and Lincoln,” Howard Law Review, 49 (Winter 2006), 322–25; Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion (2nd ed.; Washington, D.C., 1865), 195; New York Times, September 16, 1861.
21. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), 231–32; OR, ser. 2, 1: 760–62; Private and Official Correspondence, 1: 185–87, 207, 215; CW, 4: 478; Chester G. Hearn, When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans (Baton Rouge, 1971), 35; John E. Wool, Special Order on Payment of Colored Contrabands, October 14, 1861; Charles Calvert to Lincoln, August 3, 1861, both in ALP; Edna Medford, “Abraham Lincoln and Black Wartime Washington,” in Linda N. Suits and Timothy P. Townsend, eds., Papers from the Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Lincoln