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53. Gideon Welles, Lincoln and Seward (New York, 1874), 132; James C. Conkling to Trumbull, December 16, 1861, LTP; Howard K. Beale, ed., The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866 (Washington, D.C., 1933), 220.

54. Springfield Weekly Republican, December 7, 1861; New York Times, December 3, 1861; Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1861; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 15, 36, 82.

55. CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 5, 6, 26, 78; Edward Magdol, Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress (New Brunswick, N.J., 1967), 299; Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1861; D. L. Linegar to Trumbull, December 7, 1861, LTP; New York Herald, December 31, 1861.

56. OR, ser. 2, 1: 783; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 10, 26, 264, 310, 762; CW, 5: 72; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, December 21, 1861.

57. Arnold, History of Abraham Lincoln, 251–53; John Bigelow, ed., Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden (2 vols.; New York, 1908), 1: 164–65; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 182, 355; appendix, 28; Reverdy Johnson to Lincoln, January 16, 1862, ALP; Wagandt, Mighty Revolution, 36.

58. New York Times, December 17, 1861; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2203, 3002; Leonard P. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress (Nashville, 1968), 58–59; Timothy O. Howe to James H. Howe, December 31, 1861, Timothy O. Howe Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

59. Henry J. Raymond, The Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1865), 773; Harold Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861 (New York, 2008), 121; William Slade to Lincoln, November 22, 1864, ALP; CW, 4: 494; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 92; Magdol, Owen Lovejoy, 276–77.

60. Richard Carwardine, Lincoln (London, 2003), 196–97; James R. Gilmore, Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War (Boston, 1898), 99; M. A. De Wolfe Howe, The Life and Letters of George Bancroft (2 vols.; New York, 1908), 2: 147; Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford, 1996), 118; Henry D. Bacon to Samuel L. M. Barlow, January 20, 1862, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL; Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, eds., The Diary of George Templeton Strong (4 vols.; New York, 1952), 3: 204–5. In his autobiography, published in 1904, Conway considerably embellished his account of his meeting with Lincoln, writing that the president urged him to “go home and try to bring the people to your view, and you may say anything you like about me, if that will help.” Moncure D. Conway, Autobiography: Memories and Experiences (2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 1: 345–46.

61. Douglass’ Monthly, 4 (January 1862), 577; Liberator, January 3, 1862; Independent, January 23, 1862; Basler, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 69; W. E. B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870 (New York, 1896), 109; William Lee Miller, President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman (New York, 2008), 244–52; Jenny Martinez, “Antislavery Courts and the Dawn of International Human Rights Law,” Yale Law Journal, 117 (January 2008), 550–642; Karen F. Younger, “Liberia and the Last Slave Ships,” CWH, 54 (December 2008), 424–42; Weekly Anglo-African, March 1, 1862.

62. Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words, 123; Harper’s Weekly, February 22, 1862; W. A. Gorman to Henry Wilson, December 22, 1861, Henry Wilson Papers, LC; Berlin, Freedom, ser. 1, 1: 17–18; Arnold, History of Abraham Lincoln, 261; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 76.

63. CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 944, 955, 958–59, 1143; Fabrikant, “Emancipation,” 403.

64. Beverly W. Palmer, ed., The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner (2 vols.; Boston, 1990), 2: 85–93; CW, 5: 144–46.

65. Donald, Charles Sumner, 346; Liberator, March 14, 1862; Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (3 vols.; New York, 1907–8), 2: 320; Weekly Anglo-African, March 22, 1862.

66.