• Choose a category
• All
• Classic-Fiction

2. Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 127; Salmon P. Chase to Lincoln, May 16, 1862, ALP; CW, 5: 219, 222–23.

3. Frederic Bancroft, ed., Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz (6 vols.; New York, 1913), 1: 206; CW, 5: 222–23; Burrus M. Carnahan, Act of Justice: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War (Lexington, Ky., 2007), 101–2; George W. Smalley to Sydney Howard Gay, June 21, 1862, GP; Chicago Tribune, May 24, 1862.

4. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General, 104–6.

5. Judkin Browning, “Visions of Freedom and Civilization Opening before Them: African Americans Search for Autonomy during Military Occupation in North Carolina,” in Paul D. Escott, ed., North Carolinians in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill, 2008), 74–75; Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979), 52–57; Steven V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge, 1988), 106–9; C. Peter Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana (Baton Rouge, 1976), 13–23; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country (Lexington, Ky., 1953), 207–11; New York Times, December 30, 1861; OR, ser. 1, 10, pt. 2: 162–63.

6. Donald Yacovone, ed., A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens (Urbana, Ill., 1997), 17, 203–4; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, undated (mid-June 1862), GP; Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James A. Garfield (2 vols.; New Haven, 1925), 1: 211–12; Sarah F. Hughes, ed., Letters (Supplementary) of John Murray Forbes (3 vols.; Boston, 1905), 1–2; Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War (New York, 2007), 43–50; D. D. Phillips to Lyman Trumbull, July 5, 1862, LTP.

7. Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler during the Period of the Civil War (5 vols.; Norwood, Mass., 1917), 1: 516–18, 613–15; 2: 41; OR, ser. 1, 15: 485–90; Louis S. Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865 (Westport, Conn., 1973), 65–71.

8. Joseph Logsdon, Horace White, Nineteenth-Century Liberal (Westport, Conn., 1971), 90; New York Tribune, June 13, 1862.

9. Duane Mowry, ed., “Reconstruction Documents,” Publications of the Southern History Association, 8 (July 1904), 292; Silvana R. Siddali, From Property to Person: Slavery and the Confiscation Acts, 1861–1862 (Baton Rouge, 2005), 147–49; Boston Daily Advertiser, August 20, 1862; Independent, July 10, 1862.

10. Irving Katz, August Belmont: A Political Biography (New York, 1968), 120; William C. Davis, Lincoln’s Men (New York, 1999), 90–91; Carl Schurz to Lincoln, May 19, 1862, ALP.

11. CW, 5: 278–79; Liberator, July 4, 1862.

12. Bancroft, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers, 1: 209; James R. Gilmore, Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War (Boston, 1898), 80; J. W. Edmonds, “What Shall Be the End?” Continental Monthly, 2 (July 1862), 4.

13. William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington, Ky., 1997), 20–23, 40–50, 83–84; CW, 5: 302–3; New York Times, June 4, 1862; Leroy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, ed., The Papers of Andrew Johnson (16 vols.; Knoxville, 1967–2000), 5: 210–11, 231.

14. Vincent Colyer, Report of the Services Rendered by the Freed People to the United States Army… (New York, 1864), 43–47; OR, ser. 1, 9: 395–402; New York Times, May 31, 1862; Harper’s Weekly, June 21, 1862; New York Evening Post, June 17, 1862.

15. Colyer, Report, 5, 51; Harris, With Charity for All, 60–66; Virginia J. Laas, ed., Wartime Washington: The Civil War Correspondence of Elizabeth Blair Lee (Urbana, Ill., 1991), 156; Graf and Haskins, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 5: 451–52.

16. CW, 5: 317–18.

17. New York Tribune, July 14, 1862; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, undated July 15, 1862), GP; Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States during the