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18 Isaac N. Arnold, The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery (Chicago, 1866), 287–88; CW, 5: 324; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, July 14, 1862, GP.

19. Philadelphia Press in Chicago Tribune, July 18, 1862; New York Times, July 22, 1862; Richard Yates and Catharine Yates Pickering, Richard Yates: Civil War Governor (Danville, Ill., 1966), 174; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3199.

20. Mary F. Berry, Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy (Port Washington, N.Y., 1977), 41–42; George P. Sanger, ed., The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, vol. 12 (Boston, 1863), 597–600; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3198.

21. CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3200–3201; Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1862.

22. Arnold, History of Abraham Lincoln, 277; Sanger, Statutes at Large, 589–92.

23. Siddali, From Property to Person, 232; Patricia M. L. Lucie, “Confiscation: Constitutional Crossroads,” CWH, 23 (December 1977), 307; George S. Merriam, The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles (2 vols.; New York, 1885), 1: 353; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2898.

24. BD, 1: 558–60; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 358–59; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3006, 3267–68, 3383, 3400; CW, 5: 329–31.

25. George W. Julian, Political Recollections, 1840–1872 (Chicago, 1884), 219–20; Independent, July 24, 1862; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3382; Harper’s Weekly, July 26, 1862.

26. H. Draper Hunt, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine: Lincoln’s First Vice-President (Syracuse, 1969), 428–29; Hannibal Hamlin to Lincoln, September 25, 1862, ALP; Matthew Pinkser, “Lincoln’s Summer of Emancipation,” in Harold Holzer and Sarah V. Gabbard, eds., Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Carbondale, Ill., 2007), 81; BD, 1: 555; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, undated (July 9, 1862), GP.

27. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan (New York, 1989), 344–45; Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 2–3.

28. WD, 1: 70; Albert Mordell, ed., Civil War and Reconstruction: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles (New York, 1959), 236–39; Gideon Welles to Mary Welles, July 13, 1862, Gideon Welles Papers, LC. Much of Welles’s “diary” is not contemporaneous, but was written later.

29. CP, 1: 348–50.

30. CW, 5: 336–37.

31. Milwaukee Morning Sentinel, July 19, 1862.

32. “The Cabinet on Emancipation,” July 22, 1862, Edwin M. Stanton Papers, LC; CP, 1: 350–52; 3: 236–37; F. B. Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (New York, 1867), 20–22; Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, September 23, 1862, ALP.

33. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1861–1862 (Washington, D.C., 1862), 713–14; Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (Lincoln, Neb., 1999), 9–10, 38–41, 48–53, 63–67, 70; Bancroft, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers, 1: 185; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, William Henry Seward (New York, 1967), 330–34; Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (3 vols.; New York, 1907–8), 2: 282–83; Frederick W. Seward, Seward at Washington (2 vols.; New York, 1891), 2: 118; “Cabinet on Emancipation,” July 22, 1862; Francis B. Cutting to Edwin M. Stanton, February 20, 1867, both in Stanton Papers, LC.

34. Lerone Bennett, Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream (Chicago, 2000), 502–3; New York Evening Post in Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1862; New York Tribune, August 22, 1862; Springfield Weekly Republican, August 30, 1862.

35. CW, 5: 341; OR, ser. 1, 11, pt. 3: 359; ser. 3, 2: 397; Daniel E. Sutherland, “Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War,” Journal of Military History, 56 (October 1992), 577–82.

36. CW, 5: 344–46, 350.

37. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864 (Carbondale, Ill., 1998), 309; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, August 25, 1862, GP; Chicago Tribune,