The Fiery Trial_ Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery - Eric Foner [247]
78. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 182; Harold Holzer et al., The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Baton Rouge, 2006), x; Carpenter, Inner Life, 269; Seward, Seward at Washington, 2: 151.
79. CW, 6: 24–31.
80. Bennett, Forced into Glory, 525–26. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine provided estimates of the number of slaves freed by the proclamation. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 26 (February 1863), 411.
81. Benjamin R. Curtis, Executive Power (Boston, 1862); William Whiting, The War Powers of the President, and the Legislative Powers of Congress in Relation to Rebellion, Treason and Slavery (2nd ed.; Boston, 1862), i–v, 30, 66–68, 82.
82. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2: 362; Memoir of the Hon. William Whiting (Boston, 1874), 6–7; John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, December 27, 1862, ALP; Brian Dirck, “Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation, and the Supreme Court,” in Brian Dirck, ed., Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race (DeKalb, Ill., 2007), 99–116; New York Times, December 31, 1862; CW, 6: 429.
83. CW, 6: 25; Graf and Haskins, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 6: 85–86; Arnold, History of Abraham Lincoln, 303.
84. Harper’s Weekly, January 10, 1862; Baltimore Sun, January 5, 1862; Harris, With Charity for All, 69–70; William C. Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 126; John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, December 27, 1862, ALP.
85. New York Times, January 3, 1863.
86. Lester D. Langley, The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850 (New Haven, 1996), 122, 269.
87. Liberator, January 9, 1863; Whiting, War Powers, i–ii.
88. New York Herald, January 1, 1863; Carnahan, Act of Justice, 123; Foner, Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 3: 214; CW, 5: 49.
89. CW, 7: 282; Springfield Weekly Republican, January 10, 1863; Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, December 8, 1862; Pacific Appeal, October 4, 1862.
90. Christian Recorder, February 14, 1863; Bancroft, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers, 1: 206.
91. Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 114; Benjamin R. Plumly to Lincoln, January 1, 1863, ALP.
92. Giuseppe Garibaldi et al. to Lincoln, August 6, 1863, ALP; Richard Enmale, ed., The Civil War in the United States by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (3rd ed.; New York, 1961), 200. Marx wrote these words in August 1862, after Lincoln’s final appeal to the border states for gradual emancipation.
8 “A New Birth of Freedom”
1. Mark A. Plummer, Lincoln’s Rail Splitter: Governor Richard J. Oglesby (Urbana, Ill., 2001), 85.
2. William D. Foulke, Life of Oliver P. Morton (2 vols.; Indianapolis, 1899), 1: 230; BD, 1: 612–17; John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life (5 vols.; New York, 1909–13), 1: 632; Moncure D. Conway, Autobiography: Memories and Experiences (2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 1: 381.
3. New York Times, October 18, 1863; CW, 5: 537; 7: 93.
4. Allan G. Bogue, “William Parker Cutler’s Congressional Diary of 1862–63,” CWH, 33 (December 1987), 327; Beverly W. Palmer and Holly B. Ochoa, eds., The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens (2 vols.; Pittsburgh, 1997), 1: 354–56; CG, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, 601, 626–28, 680, 684, 858–63, 924; appendix, 93.
5. CW, 6: 59, 191; Henry G. Pearson, The Life of John A. Andrew (2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 2: 73–82; Douglass’ Monthly, 5 (March 1863), 801, and (April 1863), 819; Weekly Anglo-African, January 17, 1863.
6. Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, January 19, 1863, GP; Thomas Richmond to Abraham Lincoln, March 2, 1863, ALP; Steven V. Ash, Firebrand of Liberty: The Story of Two Black Regiments That Changed the Course of the Civil War (New York, 2008), 200–201; CW, 6: 56, 149, 158.
7. Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, April 20, 1863; Harper’s