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66. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 202–4, 909–10; Mitchell, Report on Colonization, 16–19; J. P. Usher to George Edwards, October 7, 1862; Caleb B. Smith to Samuel G. Howe, October 24, 1862, both in Letters Sent, September 8, 1858-February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; Roy F. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 112.

67. William Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 1856–1865 (Philadelphia, 1965), 137–47; Mary K. George, Zachariah Chandler: A Political Biography (East Lansing, 1969), 94–95; New York Times, October 7, 1862; Voegeli, Free but Not Equal, 58; John Cochrane to Lincoln, November 5, 1862; David D. Field to Lincoln, November 8, 1862, both in ALP; Cornelius Cole, Memoirs of Cornelius Cole (New York, 1908), 158; Henry G. Pearson, James Wadsworth of Genesco (New York, 1913), 156; Joel H. Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868 (New York, 1977), 85–86; Bruce Tap, “Race, Rhetoric, and Emancipation: The Election of 1862 in Illinois,” CWH, 39 (June 1993), 101–25; Patience Essah, A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638–1865 (Charlottesville, 1996), 176.

68. Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, November 17, 1862; Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York, 2004), 80–81; John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen (New York, 1907), 1–15; Private and Official Correspondence, 2: 447–50, 475; Methodist, in Easton Gazette (Maryland), August 23, 1862.

69. Edward Bates to Francis Lieber, October 21 and November 22, 1862; Lieber to Bates, November 25, 1862, all in Francis Lieber Papers, HL; Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States (12 vols.; Washington, D.C., 1852–70), 10: 382–413; James P. McClure et al., eds., “Circumventing the Dred Scott Decision: Edward Bates, Salmon P. Chase, and the Citizenship of African Americans,” CWH, 43 (December 1997), 279–309; CP, 1: 387; Rebecca J. Scott, “Public Rights, Social Equality, and the Conceptual Roots of the Plessy Challenge,” Michigan Law Review, 106 (March 2008), 791; New York Times, December 12, 1862; New York Tribune, December 26, 1862.

70. David Davis to Leonard Swett, November 26, 1862, David Davis Papers, ALPLM; CG, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, appendix, 39.

71. CW, 5: 518–37; “Editor’s Table,” Continental Monthly, 3 (January 1863), 126.

72. Henry F. Brownson, ed., The Works of Orestes A. Brownson (20 vols.; Detroit, 1882–87), 17: 404–5; Smart, Radical View, 2: 187; Smith, Life and Letters of James A. Garfield, 1: 262–63; CP, 3: 320; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, December 2, 1862, GP.

73. Robert F. Horowitz, The Great Impeacher: A Political Biography of James M. Ashley (New York, 1979), 84; CW, 5: 434, 462–63, 470–71, 500, 505.

74. CG, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, 1016; Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War (Ithaca, 1969), 100–15; John Cimprich, Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861–1865 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), 100–101; Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill, 1991), 30; Graf and Haskins, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 6: 85–86; CW, 6: 26, 186–87; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), 243.

75. Charles H. Ambler, Francis H. Pierpont (Chapel Hill, 1937), 162–202; Forrest Talbot, “Some Legislative and Legal Aspects of the Negro Question in West Virginia during the Civil War, Part I,” West Virginia History, 23 (April 1963), 8; CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3308; 3rd Session, 59.

76. CG, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, 50; William H. Seward to Lincoln, December 26, 1862; Edwin M. Stanton to Lincoln, December 26, 1862; Edward Bates to Lincoln, December 27, 1862, all in ALP; WD, 1: 208–9; CW, 6: 27–28; Ambler, Francis H. Pierpont, 202.

77. CW, 6: 41; Benjamin Quarles,