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in a speech in Boston and a letter to Charles Sumner. Allen T. Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York, 1888), 150; Benjamin F. Butler, Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benjamin F. Butler: Butler’s Book (Boston, 1892), 903–4; New York Tribune, February 6, 1865; Butler to Charles Sumner, February 5, 1865, Charles Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Mark E. Neely Jr., “Abraham Lincoln and Black Colonization: Benjamin Butler’s Spurious Testimony,” CWH, 25 (March 1979), 77–83; Philip W. Magness, “Benjamin Butler’s Colonization Testimony Reevaluated,” JALA, 29 (Winter 2008), 1–29.

53. James Speed to Lincoln, December 22, 1861; Charles Sumner to Lincoln, October 12 and 24, 1864; Joseph Medill to Lincoln, November 19, 1864; William Stone to Lincoln, November 2, 1864; Norman B. Judd to Lincoln, December 28, 1864, all in ALP; Baltimore American in Chicago Tribune, December 25, 1864; CG, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, appendix, 83.

54. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 748–49; Michael S. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War (New York, 2004), 164–66; Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford, 1996), 383; Robert F. Horowitz, The Great Impeacher: A Political Biography of James M. Ashley (New York, 1979), 103; Chicago Tribune, January 12, 1865.

55. Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 176–87, 203; LaWanda Cox and John H. Cox, Politics, Principle, and Prejudice, 1865–1866 (Glencoe, N.Y., 1963), 6–13; Montgomery Blair to Samuel L. M. Barlow, January 12, 1865, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL; David Lindsey, “Sunset” Cox: Irrepressible Democrat (Detroit, 1959), 93.

56. Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 206; CG, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 122, 236, 258–60, 531; Cox and Cox, Politics, 25.

57. CG, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 531; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York, 1988), 66; Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, February 1, 1865; George S. Merriam, The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles (2 vols.; New York, 1885), 1: 415–16; CW, 8: 254.

58. CW, 8: 151–52, 220; John G. Nicolay and John Hay, “Blair’s Mexican Project and the Hampton Roads Conference, the Thirteenth Amendment,” Century Magazine, 16 (October 1889), 839–44.

59. Wilson and Davis, Herndon’s Informants, 413–14; CW, 8: 248; E. W. Clarke to Henry Wilson, January 31, 1865, Henry Wilson Papers, LC.

60. CW, 8: 284–87; John A. Campbell, Reminiscences and Documents Relating to the Civil War during the Year 1865 (Baltimore, 1887), 5–17; Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States (2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1868–70), 2: 599–619; R. M. T. Hunter, “The Peace Commission of 1865,” Southern Historical Society Papers, 3 (April 1877), 168–76.

61. Stephens, Constitutional View, 2: 613–14; CW, 8: 260–61, 284–85; Burlingame, Oral History, 66; WD, 2: 237.

62. Zachariah Chandler to Letitia Chandler, February 10, 1865, Zachariah Chandler Papers, LC; Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, 122.

63. Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, February 4, 1865; Patience Essah, A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638–1865 (Charlottesville, 1996), 2–6, 18; Robert J. Breckinridge to Lincoln, November 16, 1864; Edwin M. Stanton to Lincoln, March 3, 1865, both in ALP; Harold D. Tallant, Evil Necessity: Slavery and Political Culture in Antebellum Kentucky (Lexington, Ky., 2003), 18; William H. Williams, Slavery and Freedom in Delaware, 1639–1865 (Wilmington, 1996), 170; Louisville Journal in Chicago Tribune, November 24, 1864; Marion B. Lucas, A History of Blacks in Kentucky, vol. 1: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760–1891 (Frankfort, 1992), 159–60.

64. Cornelius Cole, Memoirs of Cornelius Cole (New York, 1908), 220; CG, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 138, 179, 199, 202, 236.

65. Harper’s Weekly, February 11 and 25, 1865; A Memorial Discourse by Rev. Henry Highland Garnet Delivered in the Hall of the House of Representatives (Philadelphia,